The Peace Caucus - The Wild Cards in Climate Change: Weather Warfare, Geoengineering, ENMOD Convention & more

Wed Aug 22, 2007 12:45AM BST\nhttp://uk.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUKL2116455820070821\n\nLONDON (Reuters) - Building more nuclear power plants is too slow, costly and risky to help the fight against climate change and energy security, a UK environmental think-tank the New Economics Foundation said on Wednesday.\n\nSome countries, including Britain, are considering building a new generation of nuclear power stations to cut carbon emissions from power generation and reduce dependency on imported fossil fuels.\n\nBut, according to a report published by the foundation on Wednesday, the costs involved in building new reactors is up to three times higher than supporters of such plants say.\n\n"Nuclear power has been promoted as a solution to climate change and an answer to energy security. It is neither," the report concludes. "As a response to global warming it is too slow, too expensive and too limited."\n\nRather than wasting time and money on atomic energy, Britain and other countries concerned about rising carbon emissions should spend more on renewable energy sources that can deliver the carbon cuts more quickly, safely and economically, it said.\n\nThe think tank rejects the government's cost estimate of 2.2-5.0 pence per kilowatt hour of power produced by new nuclear power plants, instead putting the cost at 3.2-7.5 p/kWh.\n\nA report by Poyry Energy Consulting on Monday said the commercial case for building new nuclear power plants in Britain was shaky and that none would be built without a high and long-term cost attached to emitting carbon dioxide.\n\nThe report's author, Poyry director Andrew Nind, said the foundation's cost estimate was too high. "The bottom half of the range in broadly reasonable," he said.\n\n© Reuters 2007. All rights reserved. Fair use.\n

!!!C4. Capacity building\n11. Everyone should have the necessary skills to benefit fully from the Information Society. Therefore capacity building and ICT literacy are essential. ICTs can contribute to achieving universal education worldwide, through delivery of education and training of teachers, and offering improved conditions for lifelong learning, encompassing people that are outside the formal education process, and improving professional skills.\n## Develop domestic policies to ensure that ICTs are fully integrated in education and training at all levels, including in curriculum development, teacher training, institutional administration and management, and in support of the concept of lifelong learning.\n## Develop and promote programmes to eradicate illiteracy using ICTs at national, regional and international levels.\n## Promote e-literacy skills for all, for example by designing and offering courses for public administration, taking advantage of existing facilities such as libraries, multipurpose community centres, public access points and by establishing local ICT training centres with the cooperation of all stakeholders. Special attention should be paid to disadvantaged and vulnerable groups.\n## In the context of national educational policies, and taking into account the need to eradicate adult illiteracy, ensure that young people are equipped with knowledge and skills to use ICTs, including the capacity to analyse and treat information in creative and innovative ways, share their expertise and participate fully in the Information Society.\n## Governments, in cooperation with other stakeholders, should create programmes for capacity building with an emphasis on creating a critical mass of qualified and skilled ICT professionals and experts.\n## Develop pilot projects to demonstrate the impact of ICT-based alternative educational delivery systems, notably for achieving Education for All targets, including basic literacy targets.\n## Work on removing the gender barriers to ICT education and training and promoting equal training opportunities in ICT-related fields for women and girls. Early intervention programmes in science and technology should target young girls with the aim of increasing the number of women in ICT careers. Promote the exchange of best practices on the integration of gender perspectives in ICT education.\n## Empower local communities, especially those in rural and underserved areas, in ICT use and promote the production of useful and socially meaningful content for the benefit of all.\n## Launch education and training programmes, where possible using information networks of traditional nomadic and indigenous peoples, which provide opportunities to fully participate in the Information Society.\n## Design and implement regional and international cooperation activities to enhance the capacity, notably, of leaders and operational staff in developing countries and LDCs, to apply ICTs effectively in the whole range of educational activities. This should include delivery of education outside the educational structure, such as the workplace and at home.\n## Design specific training programmes in the use of ICTs in order to meet the educational needs of information professionals, such as archivists, librarians, museum professionals, scientists, teachers, journalists, postal workers and other relevant professional groups. Training of information professionals should focus not only on new methods and techniques for the development and provision of information and communication services, but also on relevant management skills to ensure the best use of technologies. Training of teachers should focus on the technical aspects of ICTs, on development of content, and on the potential possibilities and challenges of ICTs.\n## Develop distance learning, training and other forms of education and training as part of capacity building programmes. Give special attention to developing countries and especially LDCs in different levels of human resources development.\n## Promote international and regional cooperation in the field of capacity building, including country programmes developed by the United Nations and its Specialized Agencies\n## Launch pilot projects to design new forms of ICT-based networking, linking education, training and research institutions between and among developed and developing countries and countries with economies in transition.\n## Volunteering, if conducted in harmony with national policies and local cultures, can be a valuable asset for raising human capacity to make productive use of ICT tools and build a more inclusive Information Society. Activate volunteer programmes to provide capacity building on ICT for development, particularly in developing countries.\n## Design programmes to train users to develop self-learning and self-development capacities.

From the [[Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development|http://www.un-documents.net/jburgpln.htm]] \n\n116. Education is critical for promoting sustainable development. It is therefore essential to mobilize necessary resources, including financial resources at all levels, by bilateral and multilateral donors, including the World Bank and the regional development banks, by civil society and by foundations, to complement the efforts by national governments to pursue the following goals and actions:\n## Meet the [[Millennium development goal|Millennium Development Goals]] of achieving universal primary education, ensuring that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling;\n## Provide all children, particularly those living in rural areas and those living in poverty, especially girls, with the access and opportunity to complete a full course of primary education. \n117. Provide financial assistance and support to education, research, public awareness programmes and developmental institutions in developing countries and countries with economies in transition in order to:\n## Sustain their educational infrastructures and programmes, including those related to environment and public health education;\n## Consider means of avoiding the frequent, serious financial constraints faced by many institutions of higher learning, including universities around the world, particularly in developing countries and countries in transition. \n118. Address the impact of HIV/AIDS on the educational system in those countries seriously affected by the pandemic.\n\n119. Allocate national and international resources for basic education as proposed by the [[Dakar Framework for Action on Education for All|http://www.un-documents.net/dakarfa.htm]] and for improved integration of sustainable development into education and in bilateral and multilateral development programmes, and improve integration between publicly funded research and development and development programmes.\n\n120. Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education by 2005, as provided in the Dakar Framework for Action on Education for All, and at all levels of education no later than 2015, to meet the development goals contained in the [[Millennium Declaration|http://www.un-documents.net/a55r2.htm]], with action to ensure, inter alia, equal access to all levels and forms of education, training and capacity-building by gender mainstreaming, and by creating a gender-sensitive educational system.\n\n121. Integrate sustainable development into education systems at all levels of education in order to promote education as a key agent for change.\n\n122. Develop, implement, monitor and review education action plans and programmes at the national, subnational and local levels, as appropriate, that reflect the Dakar Framework for Action on Education for All and that are relevant to local conditions and needs leading to the achievement of community development and make education for sustainable development a part of those plans.\n\n123. Provide all community members with a wide range of formal and non-formal continuing educational opportunities, including volunteer community service programmes, in order to end illiteracy and emphasize the importance of lifelong learning and promote sustainable development.\n\n124. Support the use of education to promote sustainable development, including through urgent actions at all levels to:\n## Integrate information and communications technology in school curriculum development to ensure its access by both rural and urban communities and provide assistance, particularly to developing countries, inter alia, for the establishment of an appropriate enabling environment required for such technology;\n## Promote, as appropriate, affordable and increased access to programmes for students, researchers and engineers from developing countries in the universities and research institutions of developed countries in order to promote the exchange of experience and capacity that will benefit all partners;\n## Continue to implement the work programme of the Commission on Sustainable Development on education for sustainable development;\n## Recommend to the United Nations General Assembly that it consider adopting a ''decade of education for sustainable development'', starting in 2005.

@@font-size:90%;''Note'': This is a "framed" page from the '' "' web site. You can view this page in a separate browser tab or window at http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/@@\n<html><iframe\n style="\n background-color:#ffffff; \n border-color:#ffffff;\n border:none;"\n width = "100%"\n height = "1000"\n frameborder = "0"\n scrolling = "yes"\n src = "http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.htm"\n title = "2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories">\n</iframe></html>

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''General Assembly Resolution A/RES/57/254''. //20 December 2002//\n\n''United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development''\n\n//The General Assembly//,\n\n//Recalling// [[chapter 36 of Agenda 21|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-36.htm]], on promoting education, public awareness and training, adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992,\n\n//Reaffirming// the internationally agreed development goal of achieving universal primary education, in particular that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling,\n\n//Appreciating// the contribution made by the Commission on Sustainable Development to the issue of education for sustainable development since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development,\n\n//Welcoming// the fact that the [[Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development|http://www.un-documents.net/jburgpln.htm]] ("Johannesburg Plan of Implementation") confirmed the importance of education for sustainable development and recommended that the General Assembly consider adopting a decade of education for sustainable development starting in 2005,\n\n//Emphasizing// that education is an indispensable element for achieving sustainable development,\n\n1. //Decides// to proclaim the ten-year period beginning on 1 January 2005 the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development;\n\n2. //Designates// the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization as the lead agency for the promotion of the Decade, and requests it to develop a draft international implementation scheme, clarifying its relationship with the existing educational processes, in particular the [[Dakar Framework for Action|http://www.un-documents.net/dakarfa.htm]] adopted at the World Education Forum/3 and the [[United Nations Literacy Decade|http://www.unesco.org/education/litdecade/]], in consultation with the United Nations and other relevant international organizations, Governments, non-governmental organizations and other stakeholders, with a view to providing recommendations for Governments on how to promote and improve the integration of education for sustainable development in their respective educational strategies and action plans at the appropriate level;\n\n3. //Invites// Governments to consider the inclusion of measures to implement the Decade in their respective educational strategies and action plans by 2005, taking into account the international implementation scheme to be prepared by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization;\n\n4. //Decides// to include in the provisional agenda of its fifty-eighth session an item entitled "United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development".

''General Assembly Resolution A/RES/58/219''. //23 December 2003//\n''United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development''\n\n//The General Assembly//,\n\n//Recalling// [[chapter 36 of Agenda 21|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-36,htm]], on promoting education, public awareness and training, adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 3 to 14 June 1992,\n\n//Recalling also// the relevant provisions of the [[Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development|http://www.un-documents.net/jburgpln.htm]] ("Johannesburg Plan of Implementation") on education, in particular its provision 124 (//d//) on the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development,\n\n//Recalling further// its [[resolution 57/254|57/254. United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development]] of 20 December 2002,\n\n//Reaffirming// the internationally agreed development goal of achieving universal primary education, in particular that by 2015 children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling,\n\n//Taking note// of the report of the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization on the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development,\n\n//Welcoming// the fact that the Commission on Sustainable Development, at its eleventh session, identified education as one of the cross-cutting issues of its multi-year programme of work,\n\n//Emphasizing// that education is an indispensable element for achieving sustainable development,\n\n1. //Takes note// of the Framework for a Draft International Implementation Scheme prepared by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, requests the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, as the designated lead agency, to promote the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development, in coordination with other relevant United Nations agencies and programmes, and further requests it to finalize the international implementation scheme, while clarifying its relationship with the existing educational processes, in particular the [[Dakar Framework for Action|http://www.un-documents.net/dakarfa.htm]] adopted at the World Education Forum and the [[United Nations Literacy Decade|http://www.unesco.org/education/litdecade/]], in consultation with Governments, the United Nations and other relevant international organizations, non-governmental organizations and other stakeholders;\n\n2. //Reaffirms// that education for sustainable development is critical for promoting sustainable development, and in this regard encourages Governments to consider the inclusion of measures to implement the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development in their respective educational strategies and national development plans by 2005;\n\n3. //Invites// Governments to promote public awareness of and wider participation in the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development, including through cooperation and initiatives engaging civil society and other relevant stakeholders;\n\n4. //Decides// to include in the provisional agenda of its fifty-ninth session, under the item entitled "Environment and sustainable development", a sub-item entitled "United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development".

''General Assembly Resolution 59/237''. //22 December 2004//\n''United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development''\n\n//The General Assembly//,\n\n//Recalling// [[chapter 36 of Agenda 21|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-36.htm]], on promoting education, public awareness and training, adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 3 to 14 June 1992,\n\n//Recalling also// the work programme on education, public awareness and training initiated by the Commission on Sustainable Development at its fourth session in 1996 and elaborated upon at its sixth session in 1998,\n\n//Recalling further// the relevant provisions of the [[Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development|http://www.un-documents.net/jburgpln.htm]] ("Johannesburg Plan of Implementation") on education to promote sustainable development, in particular its provision 124,\n\n//Recalling// its resolutions [[57/254|57/254. United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development]] of 20 December 2002 and [[58/219|58/219. United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development]] of 23 December 2003,\n\n//Underlining// in this regard the fact that the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development shall begin on 1 January 2005,\n\n//Welcoming// the fact that the Commission on Sustainable Development, at its eleventh session, identified education as one of the cross-cutting issues of its multiyear programme of work,\n\n//Reaffirming// the internationally agreed development goal of achieving universal primary education, in particular that by 2015 children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling and that boys and girls will have equal access to all levels of education,\n\n//Taking note// of the oral report presented on 18 October 2004 at the fifty-ninth session of the General Assembly by the Assistant Director-General for Education of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization regarding its preparations for the Decade,\n\n//Taking note also// of the report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction,in particular the reference to the issue "Learning to live with risk", as regards the need to focus on education and awareness, linked with the Decade, to be considered at the World Conference on Disaster Reduction, to be held in Kobe, Japan, from 18 to 22 January 2005,\n\n//Emphasizing// that education is an indispensable element for achieving sustainable development,\n\n1. //Reaffirms// that education for sustainable development is critical for promoting sustainable development;\n\n2. //Requests// the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, as the designated lead agency, to promote the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development, in coordination with other relevant United Nations organizations and programmes, while taking into account the special needs of developing countries;\n\n3. //Requests// the Secretary-General to call upon the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization to finalize the draft international implementation scheme for the Decade as soon as possible, preferably by the beginning of the Decade, in consultation with Governments, the United Nations and relevant international organizations, non-governmental organizations and other stakeholders, while clarifying its relationship with the existing educational processes, in particular the [[Dakar Framework for Action|http://www.un-documents.net/dakarfa.htm]] adopted at the World Education Forum and the [[United Nations Literacy Decade|http://www.unesco.org/education/litdecade/]];\n\n4. //Also requests// the Secretary-General to call upon the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization to submit the draft international implementation scheme to the governing bodies of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization for their final consideration and adoption;\n\n5. //Encourages// Governments to consider the inclusion, especially upon completion and adoption of the international implementation scheme, of measures to implement the Decade in their respective educational systems and strategies and, where appropriate, national development plans;\n\n6. //Invites// Governments to promote public awareness of and wider participation in the Decade, inter alia, through cooperation with and initiatives engaging civil society and other relevant stakeholders, especially at the beginning of the Decade;\n\n7. //Requests// the Secretary-General to invite the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization to prepare a midterm review of the implementation of the Decade, for submission to the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session under the sub-item entitled "United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development".

The ''60th Annual DPI/NGO Conference'', organized by an NGO '''Planning Committee''' in partnership with the United Nations Department of Public Information, will be held from September 5-7, 2007 at UN Headquarters in New York on the theme: ''Climate Change: How It Impacts Us All''. http://www.undpingoconference.org\n\nThe ''60th Annual DPI/NGO Conference'' was the last to be held at UN Headquarters for several years, and a component of the design of this site is based on the vision of building a prototype online framework that would facilitate broad-based NGO participation in future Annual DPI/NGO Conferences.\n!! Conference participants\nApproximately 2,000 representatives of ~NGOs from around the world are expected to participate in the Conference.\n!! Conference Agenda\n!!! Plenary & Roundtable Sessions\n<<<\n!!!! Opening Session\n!!!! Climate Change: The Scientific Evidence\n!!!! Climate Change: Indigenous Peoples, Culture & Traditional Knowledge\n!!!! Water Security & Climate Change\n!!!! [[Coping With Climate Change: Best Land Use Practices]]\n!!!! The Economics & Politics of Climate Change\n!!!! Climate Change: Streamlining the System\n!!!! Sustainable Development & the Responsibility to Protect\n!!!! Closing Session\n<<<\n!!! ~Mid-Day Workshops\nIn addition to the roundtable sessions, 33 workshops addressing issues relating to the roundtable themes and organized by ~NGOs, will be held between 1:15 and 2:45 pm each day of the conference.\n!! See also\n* [[Draft DPI/NGO 2007 Declaration on Climate Change]]\n* [[NGO Framework for Action on Climate Change]]\n* [[Climate Change Summer]]\n

[img[http://www.climate-change-two.net/climate.png]]\n> //United Nations Headquarters, New York, NY. Friday 6 September, 2007//\n!! Climate Change Threats - An NGO Framework for Action^^/1^^\nWe, over 1726 participants representing over 500 ~Non-Governmental Organisations from more than 62 countries,\n* recognising that we share one planet and its environment, as well as a responsibility to protect future generations,\n* recognising the special vulnerabilities of the indigenous, poor, coastal and rural populations,\n* having met at the [[60th Annual DPI/NGO Conference]] at UN Headquarters from 5-7 September, 2007, with representatives of Member States, UN agencies and programs, the scientific community, the private sector, media and civil society, and\n* having reviewed the latest scientific evidence from a wide variety of experts as well as hearing about the experiences of indigenous peoples to better understand climate change, its threats and how ~NGOs can broaden the base for knowledge and action to reduce those threats; make the following declaration:\n# We affirm that climate change is mainly anthropogenic and is one of the most serious threats humanity and our environment have ever faced which if not addressed will cause:\n## catastrophic effects to Earth's ecosystems, biodiversity and infrastructure;\n## significantly reduced availability of food, water, energy and transport;\n## massive migration of populations and the possible destruction of entire cultures and small island nations,\n## significant damage to our economic, political, cultural, social and spiritual structures,\n## increased local, national and international violence,\n## significant psychological and emotional distress to individuals and communities\n## irreversible harm to the lifestyles of indigenous peoples,\n## increased spread of vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue fever, and\n## negative impacts on human health and life expectancy.\n# We commit ourselves over the next 12 months to a Framework for Action that will propose NGO solutions to these threats before they become irreversible:\n## unify behind a common vision of collaboration - even if we disagree on tactics - to develop and implement plans for adaptation and mitigation1 taking into account the full range of consequences;\n## act as vocal, active partners for change with the UN, governments at all levels, ~NGOs and other members of our global community;\n## develop, implement and publicize individual and collaborative action plans for personal, economic and political change.\n# We commend ~Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon's leadership in highlighting climate change as a major priority. We urge government, industry, and UN leaders, in partnership with the NGO community to emphasise proactive climate change priorities for the greater good in preparation for the [[UN Climate Change Conference in Bali]], December, 2007, and subsequent negotiations.\n# We strongly recommend, for the sake of future generations, that government and industry leaders, the UN, other international organizations and the whole of civil society partner behind and implement concrete solutions, taking into account recommendations that emerge from the Framework for Action.\n# We also strongly recommend that:\n## all governments and civil society foster an ethical, moral foundation for ongoing sustainable development in our interdependent world making the well-being of all of humankind our priority.\n## all educational institutions and media organizations more effectively educate about the issue of climate change with special emphasis on youth,\n## governmental authorities consider penalties for excessive consumption and pollution as a method of financing climate change improvements, as well as financial incentives to foster climate-friendly technologies so that fossil fuel and nuclear based technologies can be phased out.\n## governments recognize that war is damaging to the climate.\n## all governments ratify UN conventions on climate change, the Kyoto protocol and other relevant climate conventions\n# Finally, in order to implement the Framework for Action - recognizing that our views on challenges and opportunities will evolve as this process continues - we request that:\n## the [[NGO/DPI Executive Committee]] and the [[Conference of NGOs in Consultative Relationship with the United Nations|Conference Of NGOs]] (CONGO) foster a plan as soon as possible to implement the Framework as a tool for the NGO community to participate in an open, practical and transparent collaborative approach based on networking;\n## the Framework discussion culminate in an internet-based progress report to be submitted to the ~Secretary-General in one year and that a long-term dialogue for future action be fostered thereafter;\n## the Framework process should network ~NGOs that might not otherwise typically collaborate by bridging the spectrum of NGO concerns interconnected by climate change, such as sustainable development, agriculture, forestry, issues affecting indigenous peoples, biodiversity, livestock and animal welfare, nuclear proliferation, the end of war, justice, ethnic groups, multigenerational issues, youth, gender equality, education, poverty, food and water security, culture of peace, interfaith cooperation, national global security and economic justice, as well as mental, spiritual and physical health.\n\n1/ Adaptation implies making lifestyle adjustments. Mitigation implies alleviating the problem.\n\n[[Declaration Process|60th Annual DPI/NGO Conference Declaration: Process]]\n

!! Climate Change Threats - An NGO Framework for Action\nThe Preparatory Committee of the [[60th Annual DPI/NGO Conference]] (September 5-7, 2007) invites all participants to concur by consensus on September 7th with the Declaration on the reverse of this sheet.\n\nSubstantive suggestions for improvement are also invited; but they must be received by 6pm on September 6th and should foster a consensus. Recommendation forms should be placed into the boxes in Conference Rooms 1 and 4, or given to the Drafting Committee members, Mr. Larry Roeder, Dr. William Gellermann and Ms. Moki Kokoris, who will often be in the UN Cafeteria near the windows overlooking the East River. Recommended suggestions MUST BE 25 words or less.\n\nThe Drafting Committee's work is supervised by a Senior Review Committee made up of Sister Joan Kirby (outgoing Chairperson of the NGO/DPI Executive Committee), Jeffery Huffines (incoming Chair of the NGO/DPI Executive Committee), and Richard Jordan (Chair of the 60th NGO/DPI Conference)\n\nMembers of the NGO/DPI and ECOSOC NGO communities deal with a spectrum of issues that might not normally involve collaboration; but networking will be crucial to dealing with Climate Change, especially as it challenges all of us. The purpose of the Declaration is to provide a framework for action and collaborative networking, a tool to enable us to work together on the threats of climate change, which is essential to serving all of our particular mandates.\n\nThe Declaration envisages that over the next 12 months, we will collaborate and report our efforts to the ~Secretary-General, while continuing our collaboration in coping with the threats. The process by which this is to be done will be facilitated by the NGO/DPI Executive Committee. The recommendations that come out of the process do not need to have full consensus support across the entire NGO community; but they do need to be developed in the spirit of collaboration with and among all ~NGOs.

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Made by Faith Community Participants during the United Nations Climate Change Conference (~COP11 and COP/~MOP1), St. Joseph ’s Oratory, Montreal December 4, 2005\n* We hear the call of the Earth.\n* We believe that caring for life on Earth is a spiritual commitment.\n* People and other species have the right to life unthreatened by human greed and destructiveness.\n* Pollution, particularly from the energy-intensive wealthy industrialised countries, is warming the atmosphere. A warmer atmosphere is leading to major climate changes. The poor and vulnerable in the world and future generations will suffer the most.\n* We commit ourselves to help reduce the threat of climate change through actions in our own lives, pressure on governments and industries and standing in solidarity with those most affected by climate change.\n* We pray for spiritual support in responding to the call of the Earth.\n> From [[Protecting Creation: People of faith acting together for climate justice|http://protectingcreation.org/ccdeclaration.htm]]\n

!! A. Introduction\nThis Summary sets out the key policy-relevant findings of the Fourth Assessment of Working Group II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).\n\nThe Assessment is of current scientific understanding of impacts of climate change on natural, managed and human systems, the capacity of these systems to adapt and their vulnerability^^1^^. It builds upon past IPCC assessments and incorporates new knowledge gained since the Third Assessment.\n\nStatements in this Summary are based on chapters in the Assessment and principal sources are given at the end of each paragraph^^2^^.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was jointly established in 1988, by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Its present terms of reference are to:\n* Assess available information on the science, the impacts, and the economics of -- and the options for mitigating and/ or adapting to -- climate change.\n* Provide, on request, scientific/technical/socio-economic advice to the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).\nSince its establishment, the IPCC has produced a series of Assessment Reports (1990, 1995, and 2001), Special Reports, Technical Papers, and methodologies, such as the Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, which have become standard works of reference, widely used by policymakers, scientists, and other experts and students.\n\nThis Synthesis Report completes the four-volume Third Assessment Report (TAR). It addresses specifically the issues of concern to the policymaker, in the context of Article 2 of the UNFCCC -- issues such as the extent to which human activities have influenced and will in the future influence the global climate, the impacts of a changed climate on ecological and socio-economic systems, and existing and projected technical and policy capacity to address anthropogenic climate change. It explores briefly the linked nature of a number of multilateral environmental conventions. It draws on the work of hundreds of experts from all regions of the world who have in the past and at present participated in the IPCC process. As is customary in the IPCC, success in producing this report has depended first and foremost on the dedication, enthusiasm, and cooperation of these experts in many different but related disciplines.\n\nWe take this opportunity to express our heart-felt gratitude to the authors and reviewers of all the IPCC reports and Technical Papers, particularly the TAR. We thank likewise the IPCC Bureau; Dr. Sundararaman, Secretary of IPCC, and his Secretariat staff; and those staffing the Technical Support Units of the three Working Groups. We acknowledge with gratitude the governments and organizations that contribute to the IPCC Trust Fund, and provide support to the experts and in other ways. The IPCC has been especially successful in engaging in its work a large number of experts from the developing countries and countries with their economies in transition; the Trust Fund enables extending financial assistance for their travel to IPCC meetings.\n\nWe thank the Chairman of the IPCC, Dr. Robert T. Watson, for guiding the effort in completing the TAR.\n\n''G.O.P. Obasi''\nSecretary General\nWorld Meteorological Organization\n\n''K. Töpfer''\nExecutive Director\nUnited Nations Environment Programme\nand Director-General\nUnited Nations Office in Nairobi

* [[Question 1|IPCC AR3: Question 1]]\n** What can scientific, technical, and socio-economic analyses contribute to the determination of what constitutes dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system as referred to in Article 2 of the Framework Convention on Climate Change?\n* [[Question 2|IPCC AR3: Question 2]]\n** What is the evidence for, causes of, and consequences of changes in the Earth's climate since the pre-industrial era?\n* [[Question 3|IPCC AR3: Question 3]]\n** What is known about the regional and global climatic, environmental, and socio-economic consequences in the next 25, 50, and 100 years associated with a range of greenhouse gas emissions arising from scenarios used in the TAR (projections which involve no climate policy intervention)?\n* [[Question 4|IPCC AR3: Question 4]]\n** What is known about the influence of the increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, and the projected human-induced change in climate regionally and globally ... [[more|Question 4|IPCC AR3: Question 4]]\n* [[Question 5|IPCC AR3: Question 5]]\n** What is known about the inertia and time scales associated with the changes in the climate system, ecological systems, and socio-economic sectors and their interactions?\n* [[Question 6|IPCC AR3: Question 6]]\n** How does the extent and timing of the introduction of a range of emissions reduction actions determine and affect the rate, magnitude, and impacts of climate change, and affect the global and regional economy, taking into account the historical and current emissions?\n** What is known from sensitivity studies about regional and global climatic, environmental, and socio-economic consequences of stabilizing the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (in carbon dioxide equivalents), at a range of levels from today's to double that level or more, taking into account to the extent possible the effects of aerosols?\n* [[Question 7|IPCC AR3: Question 7]]\n** What is known about the potential for, and costs and benefits of, and time frame for reducing greenhouse gas emissions?\n* [[Question 8|IPCC AR3: Question 8]] \n** What is known about the interactions between projected human-induced changes in climate and other environmental issues (e.g., urban air pollution, regional acid deposition, loss of biological diversity, stratospheric ozone depletion, and desertification and land degradation)?\n** What is known about environmental, social, and economic costs and benefits and implications of these interactions for integrating climate change response strategies in an equitable manner into broad sustainable development strategies at the local, regional, and global scales?\n* [[Question 9|IPCC AR3: Question 9]]\n** What are the most robust findings and key uncertainties regarding attribution of climate change and regarding model projections?\n\n\n

This Synthesis Report with its Summary for Policymakers is the fourth and final part of the Third Assessment Report (TAR) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It draws together and integrates for the benefit of policy makers, and others, and in response to questions identified by governments and subsequently agreed by the IPCC, information that has been approved and/ or accepted by the IPCC.1 It is intended to assist governments, individually and collectively, in formulating appropriate adaptation and mitigation responses to the threat of human-induced climate change.\n\nThe Synthesis Report is based mainly on the contributions of the three IPCC Working Groups to the TAR, but also uses information from earlier IPCC assessments, Special Reports, and Technical Papers. It follows the question and answer format, and is in two parts: a Summary for Policymakers and a longer document that contains expanded responses to each of the questions posed by governments. The Summary for Policymakers references the appropriate paragraphs in the longer report, while the longer report contains references to the source of the material on which the response is based -- that is, the Summaries for Policymakers and chapters from previously approved and accepted Working Group contributions to the TAR and earlier IPCC reports and Technical Papers (see the accompanying box for cross-referencing nomenclature).\n\nThe procedures for approving the Summary for Policymakers and adopting the balance of the Synthesis Report were formalized by the IPCC at its Fifteenth Session (San Jose, Costa Rica, 15-18 April 1999). A draft of the Synthesis Report and its Summary for Policymakers was prepared by a team of lead authors, who were involved in preparation of the TAR, and submitted for simultaneous government/ technical and expert review. The revised drafts were circulated to governments in a final distribution before approval/ adoption at the IPCC's Eighteenth Session (Wembley, United Kingdom, 24- 29 September 2001).\n\nThe Synthesis Report consists of nine policy-relevant questions:\n* [[Question 1]] addresses the ultimate objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which is found in Article 2 (i. e., what constitutes "dangerous anthropogenic interference in the climate system") and provides a framework for placing the issue of climate change in the context of sustainable development.\n* [[Question 2]] assesses and, where possible, attributes observed changes in climate and ecological systems since the pre-industrial era.\n* [[Questions 3|Question 3]] and [[4|Question 4]] assess the impact of future emissions of greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosol precursors (without specific policies to mitigate climate change) on climate, including changes in variability and extreme events and in ecological and socio-economic systems.\n* [[Question 5]] discusses inertia in the climate, ecological systems, and socio-economic sectors, and implications for mitigation and adaptation.\n* [[Question 6]] assesses the near-and long-term implications of stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases on climate, ecological systems, and socio-economic sectors.\n* [[Question 7]] assesses the technologies, policies, and costs of near-and long-term actions to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.\n* [[Question 8]] identifies the interactions between climate change, other environmental issues, and development.\n* [[Question 9]] summarizes the most robust findings and key uncertainties.\n!!! [[Thanks|AR3-Synthesis: Thanks]]\n!!! [[Publication of the Synthesis Report|AR3-Synthesis: Publication]]\nR. T. Watson\nIPCC Chair\n\nN. Sundararaman\nIPCC Secretary

The Synthesis Report with its Summary for Policymakers was originally published in a single volume together with the Summaries for Policymakers and Technical Summaries of the Working Group contributions to the TAR, as well as a comprehensive, consolidated glossary. The Synthesis Report is also available in Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian, and Spanish -- the other official languages of the IPCC. The Synthesis Report is also available as a stand-alone publication, as are discrete brochures consisting of the Summaries for Policymakers, Technical Summaries, and glossaries of the respective Working Group reports. The full English text of all four volumes comprising the Third Assessment Report has been published in both print and digital form, with searchable versions available on cd-rom and at http://www.ipcc.ch.

We take this opportunity to thank:\n* The Core Writing Team who drafted this report and, with their meticulous and painstaking attention to detail, finalized it\n* Other members of the IPCC Bureau who acted as Review Editors\n* The members of the Working Groups' teams of Coordinating Lead Authors and Lead Authors who helped with the initial drafting\n* The Heads and the staff of the Technical Support Units of the three Working Groups, particularly David Dokken, Maria Noguer, and Paul van der Linden for logistical and editorial support\n* The Head and the staff of the GRID office at Arendal, Norway -- Philippe Rekacewicz in particular -- for working with the author team on the graphics contained in the Synthesis Report\n* The staff of the IPCC Secretariat for innumerable administrative tasks performed.

This web site is based on a TiddlyWiki platform - a unique and brilliant design for a self-contained, [[Creative Commons]] "Wiki". Wiki is a Hawaiian word meaning //swift// or //swiftly//, and TiddlyWiki is the wikiest wiki to date. Unlike most web sites that consist of multiple, linked web pages, all of the content in a TiddlyWiki is contained in a single web page, that contains numerous sub-pages, known as "tiddlers".\n\nAmong other things, this means you can download the whole web site very easily - i.e. by just saving the site as a "Web page, HTML only" and customize it for your own needs, e.g. adding content or key words / tags.\n\nA TiddlyWiki page uses simple formatting codes for its tiddlers - similar, but not identical to the codes used in <<wikipedia Wikipedia>> and each tiddler can have one or more "tags" or "key words" that are displayed adjacent to the tiddler. This makes TiddlyWiki the easiest and quickest platform for creating and maintaining a web site.\n\nFrom a design standpoint, what makes TiddlyWiki unique is that not only can tiddlers contain and siplay text, images, links, etc, but the appearance and format of a TiddlyWiki is defined by "style sheets and "styles" that are themselves contained in tiddlers. In addition, a tiddler can include Javascript - the language that powers TiddlyWiki - that can add very useful features over and above those in the standard TiddlyWiki.

The [[Peace Caucus]] is a network of individuals and organizations ... \n[[Climate Change 2.0]] is an evolving open public/private network of organizations and individuals committed to harnessing the powers of information and communications technology in addressing convened by [[Information Habitat: Where Information Lives]], an NGO in Special Consultative Status with the UN Economic and Social Council. ''Climate Change 2.0'' is powered by a ''networked information economy'' - described brilliantly by [[Yochai Benkler]] in [[The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom]] and draws on an extensive set of freely available resources, networks and information relating to sustainable development, climate change, software and the digital commons,\n\n!!The Team\n* [[Information Habitat: Where Information Lives]]\n** [[Robert Pollard]], Founder & Professor of Information Ecology, and Convenor of Climate Change 2.0\n** Kathleen Quain, NGO Representative; President, Foundation for Health and the Environment\n** [[Faye C. Feller]], Alternate NGO Representative; Executive Director, National Association of Women for the Arts\n** Isobel Lowther, Alternate NGO Representative; Co-Founder, Kaleidoscope Experience\n** Kathleen Kelly, Alternate NGO Representative\n** Judith Lantigua, Alternate NGO Representative\n** Charles Vasquez, Intern\n* [[Metro City Media]]\n** Dolly Nielsen, Executive Producer\n[[Acknowledgments]]\n* [[Copyrights|Acknowledgment: Copyrights]]\n* [[Organizations|Acknowledgments: Organizations]]\n* [[Individuals|Acknowledgments: Individuals]]\n* [[Software contributions|Acknowledgment: Software contributions]]\n!! Honorary members\n\n* ''Yochai Benkler'', Joseph M. Field '55 Professor of Law, Yale University +++\nYochai Benkler is Professor of Law at Yale Law School since 2003. His expertise is in information law and policy in the digital environment, communications law, and intellectual property. Before starting to teach, he clerked for the Honorable Stephen Breyer, U.S. Supreme Court. His books include [[The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom]] (Yale University Press 2006). Selected articles include Coase's Penguins, or Linux and the Nature of the Firm, 112 Yale Law Journal 369 (2002) and Freedom in the Commons, Towards a Political Economy of Information, 52 Duke L.J. 1245 (2003). Professor Benkler has an LL.B. from Tel-Aviv University and a J.D. from Harvard University.\n===\n\n* ''Barbara Ann O'Leary'', Founder, Authenticity\n\n

This web site incorporates an extensive set of copy rights, and a detailed delineation of all the various rights associated with its content . There are two principal sets of copy rights: those associated with the TiddlyWiki software and the set of [[Plugin Macros]], and those associated with the text. Most of the software is - from the TiddlyWiki

This web site has been made possible thanks to a set of powerful software tools and languages that serve a wide variety of aspects of the task of gathering, organizing and disseminating information and documents relating to climate change, sustainable development and information and communications technology.\n\nThe software that has contributed to site can be separated into several categories the following is a partial list:\n!! TiddlyWikiPerfect\n* TiddlyWiki\n* [[Cascading Style Sheets]]\n* [[Plugin Macros]]\n* [[HyperText Markup Language]]\n!! Database\n* [[DataPerfect]] - Brilliant relational database software (companion of the legendary ~WordPerfect for DOS) that has served as the principal database engine - ''Free''. Use\n!!Word processing\n* ''~WordPerfect 5.1+'' - Still unsurpassed as a word processor in its power and elegance\n** ''WP Program Editor 3.1'' - versatile DOS editor for text and for ~WordPerfect macros - ''Free''\n** ''Corel ~WordPerfect'' - \n** ''Corel ~WordPerfect X3'' - Converts pdf files to ~WordPerfect format - Free 30 day evaluation\n* ''Notepad'' - versatile program, mostly used as a bridge between DOS and Windows documents and for simple text editing\n!! Wiki software & sites\n* ''TiddlyWiki'' -\n** ~TiddlyWiki plugins\n* ''Wikipedia''\n* ''The Wealth of Networks Wiki notes''\n!! Web browsers\n* ''~FireFox'' - Recommended web browser - ''Open Source''\n** ''~FireFox extensions''\n!! Search tools\n* ''Google''\n** Personalized search\n** Cooperative Search Engine\n** ''Google News''\n** ''Google Groups''\n** ''Google Video''\n** ''GMail''\n** ''~YouTube''\n!! PDF Tools\n* ''Adobe Acrobat Reader'' - Free reader for pdf files\n** ''Adobe Acrobat Professional'' - Free 30 day evaluation\n** PrimoPDF'' - Free printer driver for creating pdf files\n* ''pdf995 Suite'' - pdf printer driver \n** ''ABBYY Fine Reader'' - Optical Character Recognition with support for pdf files - Free 30 day evaluation\n** ''ABBYY PDF Transformer'' - Converts pdf files to Rich Text Format, HTML, etc.\n* ''WS_FTP Limited Edition''\n!! Graphics software\n* ''Graphics Workstation Professional''\n** ''Camera Screen Capture''\n* ''Adobe Photoshop''\n!! Social Bookmarking\n* ''Blue Dot''\n** ''del.icio.us''\n!! Utility software\n* ''Total Commander''\n* ''Norton Utilities''\n* ''System Mechanic''\n* ''~SpyBot''

http://www.edmonds-institute.org/pimiento.html

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''Agenda 21'' was adopted as the principal agreement of the 1992 [[Earth Summit]], held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with the intention of charting a transition to a sustainable development path for the 21st century, based on principles incorporated in the [[Rio Declaration on Environment and Development]]. Agenda 21 broke new ground in the realm of international agreements in highlighting the interrelationship between economic development, social development and the environment, and with the inclusion of a section on "Strengthening the Role of Major Groups" that recognizes the necessity of broad-based participation of all sectors of society in the transition to sustainable development.\n\n''1. Preamble'' +++\n<<tiddler "Agenda 21: Preamble">>\n===\n\n!!! I. Social and Economic Dimensions +++\n> [[2. International Cooperation to Accelerate Sustainable Development in Developing Countries and Related Domestic Policies|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-02.htm]]\n> [[3. Combating Poverty|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-03.htm]]\n> [[4. Changing Consumption Patterns|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-04.htm]]\n> [[5. Demographic Dynamics and Sustainability|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-05.htm]]\n> [[6. Protecting and Promoting Human Health|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-06.htm]]\n> [[7. Promoting Sustainable Human Settlement Development|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-07.htm]]\n> [[8. Integrating Environment and Development in Decision-Making|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-08.htm]]\n===\n\n!!! II. Conservation and Management of Resources for Development +++\n> [[9. Protection of the Atmosphere|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-09.htm]]\n> [[10. Integrated Approach to the Planning and Management of Land Resources|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-10.htm]]\n> [[11. Combating Deforestation|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-11.htm]]\n> [[12. Managing Fragile Ecosystems: Combating Desertification and Drought|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-12.htm]]\n> [[13. Managing Fragile Ecosystems: Sustainable Mountain Development|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-13.htm]]\n> [[14. Promoting Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-14.htm]]\n> [[15. Conservation of Biological Diversity|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-15.htm]]\n> [[16. Environmentally Sound Management of Biotechnology|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-16.htm]]\n> [[17. Protection of the Oceans, All Kinds of Seas, including Enclosed and Semi-enclosed Seas, and Coastal Areas and the Protection, Rational Use and Development of their Living Resources|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-17.htm]]\n> [[18. Protection of the Quality and Supply of Freshwater Resources: Application of Integrated Approaches to the Development, Management and Use of Water Resources|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-18.htm]]\n> [[19. Environmentally Sound Management of Toxic Chemicals, Including Prevention of Illegal International Traffic in Toxic and Dangerous Products|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-19.htm]]\n> [[20. Environmentally Sound Management of Hazardous Wastes, Including Prevention of Illegal International Traffic in Hazardous Wastes|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-20.htm]]\n> [[21. Environmentally Sound Management of Solid Wastes and Sewage-related Issues|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-21.htm]]\n> [[22. Safe and Environmentally Sound Management of Radioactive Wastes|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-22.htm]]\n===\n\n!!! III. Strengthening the Role of Major Groups +++\n> [[23. Preamble|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-23.htm]]\n> [[24. Global Action for Women Towards Sustainable and Equitable Development|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-24.htm]]\n> [[25. Children and Youth in Sustainable Development|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-25.htm]]\n> [[26. Recognizing and Strengthening the Role of Indigenous People and their Communities|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-26.htm]]\n> [[27. Strengthening the Role of Non-governmental Organizations: Partners for Sustainable Development|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-27.htm]]\n> [[28. Local Authorities' Initiatives in Support of Agenda 21|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-28.htm]]\n> [[29. Strengthening the Role of Workers and their Trade Unions|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-29.htm]]\n> [[30. Strengthening the Role of Business and Industry|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-30.htm]]\n> [[31. Scientific and Technological Community|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-31.htm]]\n> [[32. Strengthening the Role of Farmers|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-32.htm]]\n===\n\n!!! IV. Means of Implementation +++\n> [[33. Financial Resources and Mechanisms|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-33.htm]]\n> [[34. Transfer of Environmentally Sound Technology, Cooperation and Capacity-building|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-34.htm]]\n> [[35. Science for Sustainable Development|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-35.htm]]\n> [[36. Promoting Education, Public Awareness and Training|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-36.htm]]\n> [[37. National Mechanisms and International Cooperation for Capacity-building in Developing Countries|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-37.htm]]\n> [[38. International Institutional Arrangements|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-38.htm]]\n> [[39. International Legal Instruments and Mechanisms|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-39.htm]]\n> [[40. Information for Decision-making|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-40.htm]]\n===

# Humanity stands at a defining moment in history. We are confronted with a perpetuation of disparities between and within nations, a worsening of poverty, hunger, ill health and illiteracy, and the continuing deterioration of the ecosystems on which we depend for our well-being. However, integration of environment and development concerns and greater attention to them will lead to the fulfilment of basic needs, improved living standards for all, better protected and managed ecosystems and a safer, more prosperous future. No nation can achieve this on its own; but together we can - in a global partnership for sustainable development.\n# This global partnership must build on the premises of General Assembly [[resolution 44/228|http://www.un-documents.net/a44r228.htm]] of 22 December 1989, which was adopted when the nations of the world called for the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, and on the acceptance of the need to take a balanced and integrated approach to environnment and development questions.\n# Agenda 21 addresses the pressing problems of today and also aims at preparing the world for the challenges of the next century. It reflects a global consensus and political commitment at the highest level on development and environment cooperation. Its successful implementation is first and foremost the responsibility of Governments. National strategies, plans, policies and processes are crucial in achieving this. International cooperation should support and supplement such national efforts. In this context, the United Nations system has a key role to play. Other international, regional and subregional organizations are also called upon to contribute to this effort. The broadest public participation and the active involvement of the non-governmental organizations and other groups should also be encouraged.\n# The developmental and environmental objectives of Agenda 21 will require a substantial flow of new and additional financial resources to developing countries, in order to cover the incremental costs for the actions they have to undertake to deal with global environmental problems and to accelerate sustainable development. Financial resources are also required for strengthening the capacity of international institutions for the implementation of Agenda 21. An indicative order-of-magnitude assessment of costs is included in each of the programme areas. This assessment will need to be examined and refined by the relevant implementing agencies and organizations.\n# In the implementation of the relevant programme areas identified in Agenda 21, special attention should be given to the particular circumstances facing the economies in transition. It must also be recognized that these countries are facing unprecedented challenges in transforming their economies, in some cases in the midst of considerable social and political tension.\n# The programme areas that constitute Agenda 21 are described in terms of the basis for action, objectives, activities and means of implementation. Agenda 21 is a dynamic programme. It will be carried out by the various actors according to the different situations, capacities and priorities of countries and regions in full respect of all the principles contained in the [[Rio Declaration on Environment and Development]]. It could evolve over time in the light of changing needs and circumstances. This process marks the beginning of a new global partnership for sustainable development.

Allan Buckmann is President of Microbe Tech, Inc., a Biological Remediation Company using patented all natural, beneficial micro-organism formulas to clean water, renew soil, remove pollution including chemicals and many metals, reduce nutrients of all kinds, remove pathogentic conditions and pathogens, clean sewage and animal waste, and supplement human and animal health with digestibles. He promotes the ability of beneficial and natural soil organisms to organically and naturally restore a healthy planet.\n\nAllan was trained as a Meteorological Technician (weatherman) with the United States Air Force from 1960-64, and is familiar with clouds and weather. He served as a Wildlife ~Manager-Biologist with the California Department of Fish and Game and has been a wildlife observer and field scientist for over 38 years.

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<html><center><b>March 26, 2007</b><br>\n<b>1 hour, 36 minutes</b><br>\n<embed src="http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?docid=-6669123891673213585&hl=en" style="width:325px; height:265px;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" id="VideoPlayback"> </embed></center></html>

April 18, 1996\n\n//(Draft Working Paper)//\n\n''Analysis of the Advance Unedited Edition of the Habitat II Agenda from a Peace Perspective''\n\n(We studied the document and are discussing at caucus meetings to determine which language we will endorse. This is just the start of that work. Our current recommended changes are in bold language without parentheses. The parenthetical bold comments are simply comments to help us through the document. We also compared similar language suggested by other countries and organizations.)\n\nII. GOALS AND PRINCIPLES\n\n13. (Note: There is some redundant language here.) Civil, ethnic and religious strife, nuclear armament, armed conflicts, alien and colonial domination, foreign occupation, international economic imbalance, coercive economic measures, poverty, organized crime, and terrorism in all its forms are destructive to sustainable human settlement development and should therefore be renounced by all States. We believe that attaining these goals will promote a world more stable and free from injustice and conflict. Suggestion: Eliminate next sentence (redundant): Civil, ethnic and religious strife, violations of human rights, armed conflicts, terrorism, foreign aggression or occupation are destructive to human settlements and should therefore be renounced by all States.\n\nThe rest of the paragraph is good.\n\nAnnex to Part III\n\nA. Adequate Shelter for all\n\n(p. 29 of agenda)\n\nG77 & China proposal reads: 25 (h) Promoting shelter and basic services for the homelss, including street children, internally displaced persons, migrants, indigenous groups with their traditional habitat, as well as people living in poverty, disadvantaged and vulnerable groups and victims of natural and human-made disasters and not to consider their temporary shelters as permanent human settlements;\n\nCanada's proposal reads: 25 (h) Promoting shelter and basic services for disadvantaged persons such as the homeless, survivors of family violence, refugees, other displaced persons in need of international protection, internally displaced persons, indigenous people and victims of natural and human-made disasters as well as persons with disabilities and the aged who have special needs for safe, flexible and accessible housing.\n\nU.S. proposal reads (25h) promoting shelter and basic services for the homeless, for women and children leaving abusive and violent situations, refugees, internally displaced, migrants, indigenous people and victims of natural and human-made disasters.\n\nUNICEF proposal (25h) bis. ensuring provision and access to adequate shelter and protection for children in especially difficult circumstances: those without families, street children, the displaced and refugees, tribal peoples and their children.\n\nUNHCR (25h) homeless, refugees, returnees\n\n25 bis. Support this paragraph\n\nEnhanced international support should continue to be provided to refugees in order to meet their needs, and to assist in assuring them a just, durable solution in accordance with relevant UN resolutions and international law, noting that sustainable human settlements can only be established for them on their land of origin.\n\n27 (f bis). G77 + China's proposal:\n\nProtecting and maintaining the legal status, demographic composition and physical and social characteristics of cities and the localities under foreign occupation,especially those of holy places and cultural and historical significance, in accordance with international humanitarian law and relevant UN resolutions\n\nUNESCO 27 (I) ...human made disasters as well as international and civil wars\n\nD. Financing shelter and human settlements\n\n31. We further commit ourselves to the objectives of:\n\n(h) Exploring new ways of generating new public and private financial resources, inter alis through the appropriate reduction of excessive military expenditures including global military expenditures and the arms trade, and investments for arms productionand acquisition, taking into consideration national security requirements, so as to allow possible allocation of additional funds for social and economic development. (Social Summit, Commit 9g)\n\nE. International Cooperation\n\n32. We commit ourselves - in the interests of international peace, security, justice and stability - to enhancing international cooperation and partnerships which will assist in the implementation of the national and the global plans of action and the attainment of the goals of the Habitat Agenda, by contributing to and participating in multilateral, regional and bilateral cooperation programmes and institutional arrangements and technical and financial assistance programmes; by the exchange of appropriate technology; by the collection, analysis and dissemination of information about shelter and human settlements, and by international networking.]\n\nCroatia\n\n32. ... financial assistance programmes, in particular to assist the post-war reconstruction and rehabilitation efforts; . . .\n\n-----\n\nE. International Cooperation\n\n33. We further commit ourselves to the objectives of:\n\n(d) Supporting UN programmes designed for early intervention to diffuse conflict\n\nU. S. suggestion:\n\n38. Unemployment, rapid population growth, . . .and violations of human rights, . . .\n\n---\n\nB. Adequate shelter for all\n\n3. Shelter delivery systems\n\n(b) Ensuring access to land\n\n55. Access to land is a strategic prerequisite to the provision of adequate shelter for all. It is also a precondition for breaking the vicious cycle of poverty. . . . Governments at all appropriate levels, including local authorities, should strive to overcome all possible obstacles which may hamper equitable access to land, including a concerted, well-funded effort to clear land of landmines, unexploded ordinance, and hazardous pollution, such as chemical, biological and nuclear, . . .\n\n56. To ensure an adequate supply of serviceable land, Governments at the appropriate levels should\n\n(o) Provide funding and labor to effect the earliest possible removal of all anti-personnel landmines, stop nuclear production, testing, and use, and clear land of chemical, biological and nuclear pollutants.\n\n58. (a) Address the cultural, ethnic and religious causes that result in the creation of barriers that lead to segregation and exclusion, through the means of education and training for non-violent conflict resolution (Social Summit - Commit 6)\n\np. 81\n\n4. Vulnerable groups\n\n72. . . . [Depending on local conditions in the housing sector, and the availability of legal protections guaranteeing equal access to resources and opportunities, vulnerable individuals come from disadvantaged groups, such as people living in poverty, . .. [documented] migrants, refugees, internally displaced persons, . . .\n\n72 ter. [Inadequate shelter or lack of shelter contributes to a loss of dignity and health in the lives of refugees.] . . .\n\n89 [(f bis) Enhance community awareness of issues facing homeless and refugee women, especially those issues related to physical and sexual abuse, and design appropriate community responses;]\n\n91 (c) Establish programmes designed to improve the skills of local leadership in group facilitation, conflict resolution and intervention;\n\n(e) Provide accessible, affordable, impartial, prompt and humane local systems of justice by, interalia, facilitating and strengthening, where appropriate, existing traditional institutions and procedures for the resolution of disputes and conflicts;\n\n95 bis. Many environmental contaminants, such as radioactive materials and persistent organic pollutants, work their way into the food chain and eventually into human beings, thus compromising the health of present and future generations.\n\n97 [(g) Undertake environmental impact assessments for development plans and projects, including military production and operations, that may significantly affect the quality of the environment.\n\n98. (a) Promote practices and consumption patterns that will conserve and protect freshwater and saltwater resources and top soil, as well as air and soil quality, such as halting the production, testing, and use of nuclear weapons.\n\n[(c) Reduce the degradation of the marine environment emanating from land-based activities, including municipal, industrial, military, and agricultural wastes and run-off, which have a pernicious impact on the most productive areas of the marine environment;\n\n99 bis. In seeking to prevent transboundary pollution and minimize its impacts on human settlements when it does occur, Governments should cooperate to develop appropriate mechanisms for assessing the environmental impact of proposed [projects and activities including military] that are likely ....\n\n124. Support language concerning armed conflicts\n\n[126 bis.) As a consequence of the development and testing of nuclear weapons, there is a need for the safe resettlement of displaced populations and the restoration of economic activity to the affected areas, especially for small island developing States and coastal regions. Noting the special responsibility towards those people of the former United Nations Trust Territories who have been adversely affected as a result of the nuclear-weapons tests conducted during the period of the Trusteeship, all Governments and international organizations that have expertise in the field of cleanup and disposal of radioactive contaminants should consider giving appropriate assistance as may be required for remedial purposes in areas affected by radioactive contamination from nuclear weapons programmes.]\n\n128. (g) Identify and support approaches to cope with the urgent shelter requirements of returnees and internally displaced persons;\n\n(i) support work for immediate removal of anti-personnel land mines following the cessation of armed conflict;\n\n[150. (n) Recognizing the negative effect of excessive military expenditures, trade in arms, specially of those arms that are particularly injurious or have indiscriminate effects, and excessive investment for arms production and acquisition.\n\n(aa) Providing assistance for shelter and human settlement development activities in favour of people living in poverty, particularly women, and vulnerable groups, such as refugees, internally displaced persons, people with disabilities, street children, migrants and the homeless through specific targeted grants;\n\n(bb) Promoting assistance for shelter and human settlement activities in favor of vulnerable groups, such as refugees and internally displaced persons, documented migrants and the homeless through specific targeted grants and other assistance programmes;\n\nUNESCO (p. 196)\n\n150. (b) Promote assistance for shelter and human settlement activities in favour of vulnerable groups, such as refugees and internally displaced persons, documented migrants and the homless through specific targeted grants;\n\n---\n\nU.S. (p. 200)\n\n150 (g) Recognize the negative effect of excessive military expenditures, trade in arms, especially of those arms that are particularly injurious or have indiscriminate effects, and excessive investment for arms production and acquisition. (WSSD, ch. 4, para 70)\n\n---\n\nUNICEF (p. 204)\n\n152 (a. bis) Establish support and pressure for institutionalized non-violent conflict resolution and for peace-building processes;\n\n---\n\nGroup of 77 + China (p.216)\n\n150 (b) Providing assistance for shelter and human settlements development activities in favor of people living in poverty, particularly women, and vulnerable groups, such as refugees, internally displaced persons, people with disabilities, street children, migrants, and the homeless through specific targeted grants or soft loans;\n\nMission Statement\nPeace Caucus' Recommended Changes to the Habitat II Agenda from a Peace Perspective\nLandmines:"How Many More Will It Take?"

''Arizona Skywatch'' - along with [[California Skywatch]] and [[Bakersfield Skywatch]] - is a web site of the ''Agricultural Defense Coalition''.\n\n@@font-size:90%;''Note'': This is a "framed" page the ''Arizona Skywatch'' web site. You can view this page in a separate browser tab or window at http://www.arizonaskywatch.com/index.htm@@\n<html>\n<iframe\n style="\n background-color:#ffffff; \n border-color:#ffffff;\n border:none;"\n width = "100%"\n height = "1000"\n frameborder = "0"\n scrolling = "yes"\n src = "http://www.arizonaskywatch.com/index.htm"\n title = "Arizona Skywatch ">\n</iframe> </html>

''Armenian Assembly of America'' works through research, education and advocacy to strengthen U.S./Armenia and U.S./Nagorno Karabakh relations, promotes Armenia's and Karabakh's democratic development and economic prosperity and seeks universal affirmation of the Armenian Genocide.\n\nWith a nation-wide network of volunteer activists, lay leaders, and staff in Washington, Los Angeles, New York, Boston, Yerevan, Stepanakert and Gyumri, the Assembly works with the Administration, Congress, and other policy makers in Washington, D.C., and state legislatures to advance issues of concern to Armenian-Americans. \n\nFor more information, visit http://www.aaainc.org

The //Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change// book, commissioned by ''Defra'' - the British Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs - consolidates the scientific findings of a major conference held in Exeter, and gives an account of the most recent developments on critical thresholds and key vulnerabilities of the climate system, impacts on human and natural systems, emission pathways and technological options of meeting different stabilisation levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.\n!!!The book focuses on three crucial questions:\n# ''For different levels of climate change what are the key impacts, for different regions and sectors, and for the world as a whole?''\n# ''What would such levels of climate change imply in terms of greenhouse gas stabilisation concentrations and emission pathways required to achieve such levels?''\n#'' What technological options are there for achieving stabilisation of greenhouse gases at different stabilisation concentrations in the atmosphere, taking into account costs and uncertainties?''\n!!! Read more:\n* [[Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change - executive summary|http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/climatechange/research/dangerous-cc/pdf/avoid-dangercc-execsumm.pdf]], pdf (168 KB)\n* [[Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change - full text of book|http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/climatechange/research/dangerous-cc/pdf/avoid-dangercc.pdf]], pdf (16.3 MB - note very large file size)\n* [[News release|http://www.defra.gov.uk/news/2006/060130c.htm]] - 30 January 2006\n* The book can be ordered online via the [[Cambridge University Press website|http://www.cambridge.org/0521864712]].\n\n* More on [[Climate Change @ Defra|http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/climatechange]]

!! B. Current knowledge about observed impacts of climate change on the natural and human environment\nA full consideration of observed climate change is provided in the IPCC Working Group I Fourth Assessment. This part of the Summary concerns the relationship between observed climate change and recent observed changes in the natural and human environment.\n\nThe statements presented here are based largely on data sets that cover the period since 1970. The number of studies of observed trends in the physical and biological environment and their relationship to regional climate changes has increased greatly since the Third Assessment in 2001. The quality of the data sets has also improved. There is, however, a notable lack of geographic balance in data and literature on observed changes, with marked scarcity in developing countries.\n\nThese studies have allowed a broader and more confident assessment of the relationship between observed warming and impacts than was made in the Third Assessment. That Assessment concluded that "there is high confidence^^3^^ that recent regional changes in temperature have had discernible impacts on many physical and biological systems".\n\nFrom the current Assessment we conclude the following.\n* [[Observational evidence from all continents and most oceans shows that many natural systems are being affected by regional climate changes, particularly temperature increases|B.1. Observational evidence from all continents and most oceans shows that many natural systems are being affected by regional climate changes, particularly temperature increases (ar4-wg2-spm)]] +++\n\n\n<<tiddler "B.1. Observational evidence from all continents and most oceans shows that many natural systems are being affected by regional climate changes, particularly temperature increases (ar4-wg2-spm)">>\n===\n\n* [[A global assessment of data since 1970 has shown it is likely that anthropogenic warming has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems|B.2. A global assessment of data since 1970 has shown it is likely that anthropogenic warming has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems (ar4-wg2-spm)]] +++\n\n\n<<tiddler "B.2. A global assessment of data since 1970 has shown it is likely that anthropogenic warming has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems (ar4-wg2-spm)">>\n===\n\n* [[Other effects of regional climate changes on natural and human environments are emerging, although many are difficult to discern due to adaptation and non-climatic drivers|B.3. Other effects of regional climate changes on natural and human environments are emerging, although many are difficult to discern due to adaptation and non-climatic drivers (ar4-wg2-spm)]] +++\n\n\n<<tiddler "B.3. Other effects of regional climate changes on natural and human environments are emerging, although many are difficult to discern due to adaptation and non-climatic drivers (ar4-wg2-spm)">>

* With regard to changes in snow, ice and frozen ground (including permafrost)4^^^^, there is high confidence that natural systems are affected. Examples are:\n** enlargement and increased numbers of glacial lakes [1.3];\n** increasing ground instability in permafrost regions, and rock avalanches in mountain regions [1.3];\n** changes in some Arctic and Antarctic ecosystems, including those in sea-ice biomes, and also predators high in the food chain [1.3, 4.4, 15.4].\n* Based on growing evidence, there is high confidence that the following types of hydrological systems are being affected around the world:\n** increased run-off and earlier spring peak discharge in many glacier- and snow-fed rivers [1.3];\n** warming of lakes and rivers in many regions, with effects on thermal structure and water quality [1.3].\n*There is very high confidence, based on more evidence from a wider range of species, that recent warming is strongly affecting terrestrial biological systems, including such changes as:\n** earlier timing of spring events, such as leaf-unfolding, bird migration and egg-laying [1.3];\n** poleward and upward shifts in ranges in plant and animal species [1.3, 8.2, 14.2].\n*Based on satellite observations since the early 1980s, there is high confidence that there has been a trend in many regions towards earlier 'greening'^^5^^ of vegetation in the spring linked to longer thermal growing seasons due to recent warming. [1.3, 14.2]\n* There is high confidence, based on substantial new evidence, that observed changes in marine and freshwater biological systems are associated with rising water temperatures, as well as related changes in ice cover, salinity, oxygen levels and circulation [1.3]. These include:\n** shifts in ranges and changes in algal, plankton and fish abundance in high-latitude oceans [1.3];\n** increases in algal and zooplankton abundance in high-latitude and high-altitude lakes [1.3];\n** range changes and earlier migrations of fish in rivers [1.3].\n* The uptake of anthropogenic carbon since 1750 has led to the ocean becoming more acidic with an average decrease in pH of 0.1 units [IPCC Working Group I Fourth Assessment]. However, the effects of observed ocean acidification on the marine biosphere are as yet undocumented. [1.3]

* Much more evidence has accumulated over the past five years to indicate that changes in many physical and biological systems are linked to anthropogenic warming. There are four sets of evidence which, taken together, support this conclusion:\n<<<\n# The Working Group I Fourth Assessment concluded that most of the observed increase in the globally averaged temperature since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations.\n# Of the more than 29,000 observational data series^^7^^, from 75 studies, that show significant change in many physical and biological systems, more than 89% are consistent with the direction of change expected as a response to warming. (Figure SPM-1) [1.4]\n# A global synthesis of studies in this Assessment strongly demonstrates that the spatial agreement between regions of significant warming across the globe and the locations of significant observed changes in many systems consistent with warming is very unlikely to be due solely to natural variability of temperatures or natural variability of the systems.(see Figure SPM-1) [1.4]\n# Finally, there have been several modelling studies that have linked responses in some physical and biological systems to anthropogenic warming by comparing observed responses in these systems with modelled responses in which the natural forcings (solar activity and volcanoes) and anthropogenic forcings (greenhouse gases and aerosols) are explicitly separated. Models with combined natural and anthropogenic forcings simulate observed responses significantly better than models with natural forcing only. [1.4]\n<<<\n* Limitations and gaps prevent more complete attribution of the causes of observed system responses to anthropogenic warming. First, the available analyses are limited in the number of systems and locations considered. Second, natural temperature variability is larger at the regional than the global scale, thus affecting identification of changes due to external forcing. Finally, at the regional scale other factors (such as land-use change, pollution, and invasive species) are influential. [1.4]\n* Nevertheless, the consistency between observed and modelled changes in several studies and the spatial agreement between significant regional warming and consistent impacts at the global scale is sufficient to conclude with high confidence that anthropogenic warming over the last three decades has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems. [1.4]

Effects of temperature increases have been documented in the following systems (medium confidence):\n* effects on agricultural and forestry management at Northern Hemisphere higher latitudes, such as earlier spring planting of crops, and alterations in disturbance regimes of forests due to fires and pests [1.3];\n* some aspects of human health, such as heat-related mortality in Europe, infectious disease vectors in some areas, and allergenic pollen in Northern Hemisphere high and mid-latitudes [1.3, 8.2, 8.ES];\n* some human activities in the Arctic (e.g., hunting and travel over snow and ice) and in lower-elevation alpine areas (such as mountain sports). [1.3]\nRecent climate changes and climate variations are beginning to have effects on many other natural and human systems. However, based on the published literature, the impacts have not yet become established trends. Examples include:\n* Settlements in mountain regions are at enhanced risk to glacier lake outburst floods caused by melting glaciers. Governmental institutions in some places have begun to respond by building dams and drainage works. [1.3]\n* In the Sahelian region of Africa, warmer and drier conditions have led to a reduced length of growing season with detrimental effects on crops. In southern Africa, longer dry seasons and more uncertain rainfall are prompting adaptation measures. [1.3]\n* Sea-level rise and human development are together contributing to losses of coastal wetlands and mangroves and increasing damage from coastal flooding in many areas. [1.3]\n''Changes in physical and biological systems and surface temperature 1970-2004''\n\nFigure SPM-1. Locations of significant changes in observations of physical systems (snow, ice and frozen ground; hydrology; and coastal processes) and biological systems (terrestrial, marine, and freshwater biological systems), are shown together with surface air temperature changes over the period 1970-2004. A subset of about 29,000 data series was selected from about 80,000 data series from 577 studies. These met the following criteria: (1) Ending in 1990 or later; (2) spanning a period of at least 20 years; and (3) showing a significant change in either direction, as assessed in individual studies. These data series are from about 75 studies (of which ~70 are new since the Third Assessment) and contain about 29,000 data series, of which about 28,000 are from European studies. White areas do not contain sufficient observational climate data to estimate a temperature trend. The 2 x 2 boxes show the total number of data series with significant changes (top row) and the percentage of those consistent with warming (bottom row) for (i) continental regions: North America (NAM), Latin America (LA), Europe (EUR), Africa (AFR), Asia (AS), Australia and New Zealand (ANZ), and Polar Regions (PR) and (ii) global-scale: Terrestrial (TER), Marine and Freshwater (MFW), and Global (GLO). The numbers of studies from the seven regional boxes (NAM, …, PR) do not add up to the global (GLO) totals because numbers from regions except Polar do not include the numbers related to Marine and Freshwater (MFR) systems. [F1.8, F1.9; Working Group I Fourth Assessment F3.9b]

A central goal of the historic 1992 [[Earth Summit]], at which the [[Framework Convention on Climate Change]] was adopted, was the transition to a new, sustainable development path, based to a significant extent on the broad-based participation of all major groups in society. ''Climate Change 2.0'' - is an initiative of [[Information Habitat: Where Information Lives]] in support of the [[NGO Committee on Education]]'s commitment to the [[United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development]] (2005-2014). ''Information Habitat'' was founded in May 1990, in the early stages of preparation for the Summit, on the recognition of the critical role that the emerging information and communications revolution could play in that transition. The phenomenal advances in ICT, and their impact on almost all areas of human activity over the seventeen years since its founding have continued to confirm the validity of the initial premise of Information Habitat.\n\nHowever, while there is growing recognition of the significance of ICT as a driver in economic and social development, along with almost universal reliance on the Internet and electronic mail as the principal medium for access to and dissemination of information relating to sustainable development, there still remains very limited appreciation of the profound significance of ICT for sustainable development or of the nature of a development path based in a medium in which the marginal cost of production and economic exchange - in both financial and material terms - is virtually zero.

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!!!Beijing Declaration\n\n1. We, the Governments participating in the Fourth World Conference on Women,\n\n2. Gathered here in Beijing in September 1995, the year of the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the United Nations,\n\n3. Determined to advance the goals of equality, development and peace for all women everywhere in the interest of all humanity,\n\n4. Acknowledging the voices of all women everywhere and taking note of the diversity of women and their roles and circumstances, honouring the women who paved the way and inspired by the hope present in the world's youth,\n\n5. Recognize that the status of women has advanced in some important respects in the past decade but that progress has been uneven, inequalities between women and men have persisted and major obstacles remain, with serious consequences for the well-being of all people,\n\n6. Also recognize that this situation is exacerbated by the increasing poverty that is affecting the lives of the majority of the world's people, in particular women and children, with origins in both the national and international domains,\n\n7. Dedicate ourselves unreservedly to addressing these constraints and obstacles and thus enhancing further the advancement and empowerment of women all over the world, and agree that this requires urgent action in the spirit of determination, hope, cooperation and solidarity, now and to carry us forward into the next century.\n\n''We reaffirm our commitment to:''\n\n8. The equal rights and inherent human dignity of women and men and other purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights instruments, in particular the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Convention on the Rights of the Child, as well as the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women and the Declaration on the Right to Development;\n\n9. Ensure the full implementation of the human rights of women and of the girl child as an inalienable, integral and indivisible part of all human rights and fundamental freedoms;\n\n10. Build on consensus and progress made at previous United Nations conferences and summits - on women in Nairobi in 1985, on children in New York in 1990, on environment and development in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, on human rights in Vienna in 1993, on population and development in Cairo in 1994 and on social development in Copenhagen in 1995 with the objective of achieving equality, development and peace;\n\n11. Achieve the full and effective implementation of the Nairobi Forward-looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women;\n\n12. The empowerment and advancement of women, including the right to freedom of thought, conscience, religion and belief, thus contributing to the moral, ethical, spiritual and intellectual needs of women and men, individually or in community with others and thereby guaranteeing them the possibility of realizing their full potential in society and shaping their lives in accordance with their own aspirations.\n\n''We are convinced that''\n\n13. Women's empowerment and their full participation on the basis of equality in all spheres of society, including participation in the decision-making process and access to power, are fundamental for the achievement of equality, development and peace;\n\n14. Women's rights are human rights;\n\n15. Equal rights, opportunities and access to resources, equal sharing of responsibilities for the family by men and women, and a harmonious partnership between them are critical to their well-being and that of their families as well as to the consolidation of democracy;\n\n16. Eradication of poverty based on sustained economic growth, social development, environmental protection and social justice requires the involvement of women in economic and social development, equal opportunities and the full and equal participation of women and men as agents and beneficiaries of people-centred sustainable development;\n\n17. The explicit recognition and reaffirmation of the right of all women to control all aspects of their health, in particular their own fertility, is basic to their empowerment;\n\n18. Local, national, regional and global peace is attainable and is inextricably linked with the advancement of women, who are a fundamental force for leadership, conflict resolution and the promotion of lasting peace at all levels;\n\n19. It is essential to design, implement and monitor, with the full participation of women, effective, efficient and mutually reinforcing gender-sensitive policies and programmes, including development policies and programmes, at all levels that will foster the empowerment and advancement of women;\n\n20. The participation and contribution of all actors of civil society, particularly women's groups and networks and other non-governmental organizations and community-based organizations, with full respect for their autonomy, in cooperation with Governments, are important to the effective implementation and follow-up of the Platform for Action;\n\n21. The implementation of the Platform for Action requires commitment from Governments and the international community. By making national and international commitments for action, including those made at the Conference, Governments and the international community recognize the need to take priority action for the empowerment and advancement of women.\n\n''We are determined to'':\n\n22. Intensify efforts and actions to achieve the goals of the Nairobi Forward-looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women by the end of this century;\n\n23. Ensure the full enjoyment by women and the girl child of all human rights and fundamental freedoms and take effective action against violations of these rights and freedoms;\n\n24. Take all necessary measures to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women and the girl child and remove all obstacles to gender equality and the advancement and empowerment of women;\n\n25. Encourage men to participate fully in all actions towards equality;\n\n26. Promote women's economic independence, including employment, and eradicate the persistent and increasing burden of poverty on women by addressing the structural causes of poverty through changes in economic structures, ensuring equal access for all women, including those in rural areas, as vital development agents, to productive resources, opportunities and public services;\n\n27. Promote people-centred sustainable development, including sustained economic growth, through the provision of basic education, life-long education, literacy and training, and primary health care for girls and women;\n\n28. Take positive steps to ensure peace for the advancement of women and, recognizing the leading role that women have played in the peace movement, work actively towards general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control, and support negotiations on the conclusion, without delay, of a universal and multilaterally and effectively verifiable comprehensive nuclear-test-ban treaty which contributes to nuclear disarmament and the prevention of the proliferation of nuclear weapons in all its aspects;\n\n29. Prevent and eliminate all forms of violence against women and girls;\n\n30. Ensure equal access to and equal treatment of women and men in education and health care and enhance women's sexual and reproductive health as well as education;\n\n31. Promote and protect all human rights of women and girls;\n\n32. Intensify efforts to ensure equal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms for all women and girls who face multiple barriers to their empowerment and advancement because of such factors as their race, age, language, ethnicity, culture, religion, or disability, or because they are indigenous people;\n\n33. Ensure respect for international law, including humanitarian law, in order to protect women and girls in particular;\n\n34. Develop the fullest potential of girls and women of all ages, ensure their full and equal participation in building a better world for all and enhance their role in the development process.\n\n''We are determined to'':\n\n35. Ensure women's equal access to economic resources, including land, credit, science and technology, vocational training, information, communication and markets, as a means to further the advancement and empowerment of women and girls, including through the enhancement of their capacities to enjoy the benefits of equal access to these resources, inter alia, by means of international cooperation;\n\n36. Ensure the success of the Platform for Action, which will require a strong commitment on the part of Governments, international organizations and institutions at all levels. We are deeply convinced that economic development, social development and environmental protection are interdependent and mutually reinforcing components of sustainable development, which is the framework for our efforts to achieve a higher quality of life for all people. Equitable social development that recognizes empowering the poor, particularly women living in poverty, to utilize environmental resources sustainably is a necessary foundation for sustainable development. We also recognize that broad-based and sustained economic growth in the context of sustainable development is necessary to sustain social development and social justice. The success of the Platform for Action will also require adequate mobilization of resources at the national and international levels as well as new and additional resources to the developing countries from all available funding mechanisms, including multilateral, bilateral and private sources for the advancement of women; financial resources to strengthen the capacity of national, subregional, regional and international institutions; a commitment to equal rights, equal responsibilities and equal opportunities and to the equal participation of women and men in all national, regional and international bodies and policy-making processes; and the establishment or strengthening of mechanisms at all levels for accountability to the world's women;\n\n37. Ensure also the success of the Platform for Action in countries with economies in transition, which will require continued international cooperation and assistance;\n\n38. We hereby adopt and commit ourselves as Governments to implement the following Platform for Action, ensuring that a gender perspective is reflected in all our policies and programmes. We urge the United Nations system, regional and international financial institutions, other relevant regional and international institutions and all women and men, as well as non-governmental organizations, with full respect for their autonomy, and all sectors of civil society, in cooperation with Governments, to fully commit themselves and contribute to the implementation of this Platform for Action.

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/***\n|Name|''timeline''|h\n|Author|[[Saq Imtiaz]]|\n|Version|0.5 bet|\n|Description|A replacement for the core timeline macro that offers more features|\n|Source|http://lewcid.googlepages.com/lewcid.html#BetterTimelineMacro|\n|TW Version|2.x|\n***/\n/***\n!!!Features:\n*list tiddlers with only specific tag\n*exclude tiddlers with a particular tag\n*limit entries to any number of days, for example one week\n*specify a start date for the timeline, only tiddlers after that date will be listed.\n\n!!!Installation:\nCopy the contents of this tiddler to your TW, tag with systemConfig, save and reload your TW.\n\n!!!Syntax:\n{{{<<timeline better:true>>}}}\n''the param better:true enables the advanced features, without it you will get the old timeline behaviour.''\n\nadditonal params:\n(use only the ones you want)\n{{{<<timeline better:true onlyTag:Tag1 excludeTag:Tag2 sortBy:modified/created firstDay:YYYYMMDD maxDays:7 maxEntries:30>>}}}\n\n''explanation of syntax:''\nonlyTag: only tiddlers with this tag will be listed. Default is to list all tiddlers.\nexcludeTag: tiddlers with this tag will not be listed.\nsortBy: sort tiddlers by date modified or date created. Possible values are modified or created.\nfirstDay: useful for starting timeline from a specific date. Example: 20060701 for 1st of July, 2006\nmaxDays: limits timeline to include only tiddlers from the specified number of days. If you use a value of 7 for example, only tiddlers from the last 7 days will be listed.\nmaxEntries: limit the total number of entries in the timeline.\n\n\n!!!History:\n*28-07-06: ver 0.5 beta, first release\n\n!!!Code\n***/\n//{{{\n// Return the tiddlers as a sorted array\nTiddlyWiki.prototype.getTiddlers = function(field,excludeTag,includeTag)\n{\n var results = [];\n this.forEachTiddler(function(title,tiddler)\n {\n if(excludeTag == undefined || tiddler.tags.find(excludeTag) == null)\n if(includeTag == undefined || tiddler.tags.find(includeTag)!=null)\n results.push(tiddler);\n });\n if(field)\n results.sort(function (a,b) {if(a[field] == b[field]) return(0); else return (a[field] < b[field]) ? -1 : +1; });\n return results;\n}\n\n\n\n//this function by Udo\nfunction getParam(params, name, defaultValue)\n{\n if (!params)\n return defaultValue;\n var p = params[0][name];\n return p ? p[0] : defaultValue;\n}\n\nwindow.old_timeline_handler= config.macros.timeline.handler;\nconfig.macros.timeline.handler = function(place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler)\n{\n var args = paramString.parseParams("list",null,true);\n var betterMode = getParam(args, "better", "false");\n if (betterMode == 'true')\n {\n var sortBy = getParam(args,"sortBy","modified");\n var excludeTag = getParam(args,"excludeTag",undefined);\n var includeTag = getParam(args,"onlyTag",undefined);\n var tiddlers = store.getTiddlers(sortBy,excludeTag,includeTag);\n var firstDayParam = getParam(args,"firstDay",undefined);\n var firstDay = (firstDayParam!=undefined)? firstDayParam: "00010101";\n var lastDay = "";\n var field= sortBy;\n var maxDaysParam = getParam(args,"maxDays",undefined);\n var maxDays = (maxDaysParam!=undefined)? maxDaysParam*24*60*60*1000: (new Date()).getTime() ;\n var maxEntries = getParam(args,"maxEntries",undefined);\n var last = (maxEntries!=undefined) ? tiddlers.length-Math.min(tiddlers.length,parseInt(maxEntries)) : 0;\n for(var t=tiddlers.length-1; t>=last; t--)\n {\n var tiddler = tiddlers[t];\n var theDay = tiddler[field].convertToLocalYYYYMMDDHHMM().substr(0,8);\n if ((theDay>=firstDay)&& (tiddler[field].getTime()> (new Date()).getTime() - maxDays))\n {\n if(theDay != lastDay)\n {\n var theDateList = document.createElement("ul");\n place.appendChild(theDateList);\n createTiddlyElement(theDateList,"li",null,"listTitle",tiddler[field].formatString(this.dateFormat));\n lastDay = theDay;\n }\n var theDateListItem = createTiddlyElement(theDateList,"li",null,"listLink",null);\n theDateListItem.appendChild(createTiddlyLink(place,tiddler.title,true));\n }\n }\n }\n\n else\n {\n window.old_timeline_handler.apply(this,arguments);\n }\n}\n//}}}

@@font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;[[NGO Committee on Education]] (A [[CONGO|Conference Of NGOs]] Committee)@@\n!!By-Laws\n!!!Purpose\nThe NGO Committee on Education will:\n# Focus attention on and promote the various programs of formal and non-formal education of the UN intergovernmental agencies, of international institutions, and of NGOs.\n# Promote and facilitate the exchange of knowledge and dissemination of information on formal and non-formal education issues to various governments, civil society organizations, including academia, foundations, etc.\n# Address the issue of literacy for all children and adults, and other aspects of education in order to further enhance the goal of world education for all.\n# Work closely with the other NGO Committees related to the United Nations system and with the various relevant UN Commissions and Conferences.\n!!!Membership\n# Regular Membership: Membership in the Committee is open to Non-Governmental Organizations in consultative status with ECOSOC. These members shall be eligible to vote and hold office.\n# Associate Membership: Any NGO having a formal relationship with the United Nations may become an Associate Member. Such members will not be entitled to hold office or vote on matters of policy.\n# An organization may become a member by submitting and application to the Chairperson or Secretary.\n!!!Officers\n# The officers of the NGO Committee on Education shall be one Chairperson, one Vice-Chairperson, Secretary and Treasurer. Such officers shall be elected for a term of two years, and no person shall be elected to the same office for more than two consecutive terms. Officers must be from NGOs in consultative status.\n# No member may hold more than one office. For purposes of this paragraph the term "office" includes members-at-large of the Executive Committee.\n!!!Duties of Officers\n# The Chairperson shall convene and preside over meetings, promote the general effectiveness of the Committee, and maintain communications with other NGO Committees and with representatives of the UN system. The Chairperson or Vice-Chairperson shall represent the Committee when required.\n# The Secretary shall keep minutes of the meetings of the Committee, a record of the membership, and a record of attendance at meetings. The Secretary shall arrange for distribution of the minutes in advance of the meeting at which they will be approved.\n# The Treasurer shall receive and disburse funds as determined by the Executive Committee and shall be responsible for the maintenance of accounts and shall report regularly to the Committee's membership.\n!!!Executive Committee\n# The responsibility of the Executive Committee shall be to carry on the business of the Committee between meetings. The members of the Committee shall be kept informed of the activities of the Executive Committee through a report from the Chairperson or Vice-Chairperson at regular meetings of the Committee when relevant.\n# The officers with up to four elected members-at-large shall serve as the Executive Committee. Members-at-large shall serve for a term of two years. No person shall be elected for more than two consecutive terms.\n# Members-at-large may be Regular or Associate Members of the Committee, however, voting rules as described in the membership section apply.\n!!!Subcommittees\n# The NGO Committee on Education may establish Subcommittees or Working Groups as needed. The Chairperson of a Subcommittee will be a member //ex officio// of the Executive Committee. Members of such Subcommittees or Working Groups shall elect their own chairs, subject to approval of the Executive Committee.\n!!!Finances\n# Payment of dues of $25.00 to the Treasurer shall entitle members to receive the minutes and other materials determined by the NGO Committee and allow them to vote.\n# The fiscal year shall be from 1 October to 30 September.\n!!Elections\n# A Nominating Committee shall be appointed by the Chairperson, on consultation with other offices, not less than two months prior to the election at the Annual Meetings. The report of the Nominating Committee shall be circulated in writing to all Regular members of the Committee at least three weeks prior to the meeting at which the election is to take place. The Nominating Committee shall not nominate representatives represented by members of the Nominating Committee.\n# The election of officers and members of the Executive Committee shall take place at an Annual Meeting. Elected officers shall take office immediately.\n# Election of officers and procedural matters shall be decided by the majority of member organizations present and voting.\n# A ballot by mail may be taken in the event that a meeting of the Committee is not possible.\n!!!Meetings\n# The Committee shall meet periodically, at least four times a year. The Committee shall hold an Annual Meeting during the month of May or June.\n# A quorum shall consist of a representatives of one-third of the regular member organizations.\n# Recommendations of statements of positions to be submitted to ECOSOC or any of its subsidiary bodies may not be made in the name of the Committee. Joint statements of member organizations may be submitted over the names of those organizations who wish to become signatories to the statement.\n!!!Amendments\n: Proposed amendments to these By-laws shall be submitted to the Chairperson in time for consideration by the Executive Committee and for written circulation to each member organizations not less than two days prior to the date of the proposed adoption. An amendment shall be adopted only after discussion in a plenary meeting of the Committee and upon affirmative vote of two-thirds of these representatives of member organizations present and voting.\n\n//Adopted, November 4, 2000//

!! C. Current knowledge about future impacts\nThe following is a selection of the key findings regarding projected impacts, as well as some findings on vulnerability and adaptation, in each system, sector and region for the range of (unmitigated) climate changes projected by the IPCC over this century^^8^^ judged to be relevant for people and the environment^^9^^. The impacts frequently reflect projected changes in precipitation and other climate variables in addition to temperature, sea level and concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The magnitude and timing of impacts will vary with the amount and timing of climate change and, in some cases, the capacity to adapt. These issues are discussed further in later sections of the Summary.\n\n''More specific information is now available across a wide range of systems and sectors concerning the nature of future impacts, including for some fields not covered in previous assessments.''\n<<<\n[[Fresh water resources and their management|C.1 Fresh water resources and their management (ar4-wg2-spm)]] +++\n<<tiddler "C.1 Fresh water resources and their management (ar4-wg2-spm)">>\n===\n\n\n[[Ecosystems|C.2 Ecosystems (ar4-wg2-spm)]] +++\n<<tiddler "C.2 Ecosystems (ar4-wg2-spm)">>\n===\n\n\n[[Food, fibre and forest products|C.3 Food, fibre and forest products (ar4-wg2-spm)]] +++\n<<tiddler "C.3 Food, fibre and forest products (ar4-wg2-spm)">>\n===\n\n\n[[Coastal systems and low-lying areas|C.4 Coastal systems and low-lying areas (ar4-wg2-spm)]] +++\n<<tiddler "C.4 Coastal systems and low-lying areas (ar4-wg2-spm)">>\n===\n\n\n[[Industry, Settlement and Society|C.5 Industry, Settlement and Society (ar4-wg2-spm)]] +++\n<<tiddler "C.5 Industry, Settlement and Society (ar4-wg2-spm)">>\n===\n\n\n[[Health|C.6 Health (ar4-wg2-spm}]] +++\n<<tiddler "C.6 Health (ar4-wg2-spm}">>\n===\n\n<<<\n''More specific information is now available across the regions of the world concerning the nature of future impacts, including for some places not covered in previous assessments.''\n<<<\n[[Africa|C.7 Africa (ar4-wg2-spm)]] +++\n<<tiddler "C.7 Africa (ar4-wg2-spm)">>\n===\n\n\n[[Asia|C.8 Asia (ar4-wg2-spm)]] +++\n<<tiddler "C.8 Asia (ar4-wg2-spm)">>\n===\n\n\n[[Australia and New Zealand|C.9 Australia and New Zealand (ar4-wg2-spm)]] +++\n<<tiddler "C.9 Australia and New Zealand (ar4-wg2-spm)">>\n===\n\n\n[[Europe|C.10 Europe (ar4-wg2-spm)]] +++\n<<tiddler "C.10 Europe (ar4-wg2-spm)">>\n===\n\n\n[[Latin America|C.11 Latin America (ar4-wg2-spm)]] +++\n<<tiddler "C.11 Latin America (ar4-wg2-spm)">>\n===\n\n\n[[North America|C.12 North America (ar4-wg2-spm)]] +++\n<<tiddler "C.12 North America (ar4-wg2-spm)">>\n===\n\n\n[[Polar Regions|C.13 Polar Regions (ar4-wg2-spm)]] +++\n<<tiddler "C.13 Polar Regions (ar4-wg2-spm)">>\n===\n\n\n[[Small Islands|C.14 Small Islands (ar4-wg2-spm)]] +++\n<<tiddler "C.14 Small Islands (ar4-wg2-spm)">>\n===\n\n<<<\n''Magnitudes of impact can now be estimated more systematically for a range of possible increases in global average temperature.'' +++\n<<tiddler "Magnitudes of impact can now be estimated more systematically for a range of possible increases in global average temperature.">>\n===\n

* By mid-century, annual average river runoff and water availability are projected to increase by 10-40% at high latitudes and in some wet tropical areas, and decrease by 10-30% over some dry regions at mid-latitudes and in the dry tropics, some of which are presently water stressed areas. In some places and in particular seasons, changes differ from these annual figures. ** D10 [3.4]\n* Drought-affected areas will likely increase in extent. Heavy precipitation events, which are very likely to increase in frequency, will augment flood risk. ** N [Working Group I Fourth Assessment, 3.4]\n* Adaptation procedures and risk management practices for the water sector are being developed in some countries and regions that have recognised projected hydrological changes with related uncertainties. *** N [3.6]\n* In the course of the century, water supplies stored in glaciers and snow cover are projected to decline, reducing water availability in regions supplied by meltwater from major mountain ranges, where more than one-sixth of the world population currently lives. ** N [3.4]

* For the first time, wide ranging impacts of changes in current climate have been documented: retreating glaciers, longer growing seasons, shift of species ranges, and health impacts due to a heat wave of unprecedented magnitude. The observed changes described above are consistent with those projected for future climate change.''*** N'' [12.2, 12.4, 12.6]\n* Nearly all European regions are anticipated to be negatively affected by some future impacts of climate change and these will pose challenges to many economic sectors. Climate change is expected to magnify regional differences in Europe's natural resources and assets. Negative impacts will include increased risk of inland flash floods, and more frequent coastal flooding and increased erosion (due to storminess and sea-level rise). The great majority of organisms and ecosystems will have difficulties adapting to climate change. Mountainous areas will face glacier retreat, reduced snow cover and winter tourism, and extensive species losses (in some areas up to 60% under high emission scenarios by 2080).''*** D'' [12.4]\n* In Southern Europe, climate change is projected to worsen conditions (high temperatures and drought) in a region already vulnerable to climate variability, and to reduce water availability, hydropower potential, summer tourism, and in general, crop productivity. It is also projected to increase health risks due to heat waves and the frequency of wildfires.''** D'' [12.2, 12.4, 12.7]\n* In Central and Eastern Europe, summer precipitation is projected to decrease, causing higher water stress. Health risks due to heat waves are projected to increase. Forest productivity is expected to decline and the frequency of peatland fires to increase.''** D'' [12.4]\n* In Northern Europe, climate change is initially projected to bring mixed effects, including some benefits such as reduced demand for heating, increased crop yields and increased forest growth. However, as climate change continues, its negative impacts (including more frequent winter floods, endangered ecosystems and increasing ground instability) are likely to outweigh its benefits.''** D'' [12.4]\n* Adaptation to climate change is likely to benefit from experience gained in reaction to extreme climate events, by specifically implementing proactive climate change risk management adaptation plans.''*** N'' [12.5]

* By mid-century, increases in temperature and associated decreases in soil water are projected to lead to gradual replacement of tropical forest by savanna in eastern Amazonia. Semi-arid vegetation will tend to be replaced by arid-land vegetation. There is a risk of significant biodiversity loss through species extinction in many areas of tropical Latin America.''** D'' [13.4]\n* In drier areas, climate change is expected to lead to salinisation and desertification of agricultural land. Productivity of some important crops are projected to decrease and livestock productivity to decline, with adverse consequences for food security. In temperate zones soybean yields are projected to increase.''** N'' [13.4, 13.7]\n* Sea-level rise is projected to cause increased risk of flooding in low-lying areas.''** N'' [13.4, 13.7]\n* Increases in sea surface temperature due to climate change are projected to have adverse effects on Mesoamerican coral reefs, and cause shifts in the location of south-east Pacific fish stocks.''** N'' [13.4]\n* Changes in precipitation patterns and the disappearance of glaciers are projected to significantly affect water availability for human consumption, agriculture and energy generation.''** D'' [13.4]\n* Some countries have made efforts to adapt, particularly through conservation of key ecosystems, early warning systems, risk management in agriculture, strategies for flood drought and coastal management, and disease surveillance systems. However, the effectiveness of these efforts is outweighed by: lack of basic information, observation and monitoring systems; lack of capacity building and appropriate political, institutional and technological frameworks; low income; and settlements in vulnerable areas, among others.''** D'' [13.2]

* Moderate climate change in the early decades of the century is projected to increase aggregate yields of rain-fed agriculture by 5-20%, but with important variability among regions. Major challenges are projected for crops that are near the warm end of their suitable range or depend on highly utilised water resources.''** D'' [14.4]\n* Warming in western mountains is projected to cause decreased snowpack, more winter flooding, and reduced summer flows, exacerbating competition for over-allocated water resources.''*** D'' [14.4, B14.2]\n* Disturbances from pests, diseases, and fire are projected to have increasing impacts on forests, with an extended period of high fire risk and large increases in area burned.''*** N'' [14.4, B14.1]\n* Cities that currently experience heat waves are expected to be further challenged by an increased number, intensity and duration of heat waves during the course of the century, with potential for adverse health impacts. The growing number of the elderly population is most at risk.''*** D'' [14.4]\n* Coastal communities and habitats will be increasingly stressed by climate change impacts interacting with development and pollution. Population growth and the rising value of infrastructure in coastal areas increase vulnerability to climate variability and future climate change, with losses projected to increase if the intensity of tropical storms increases. Current adaptation is uneven and readiness for increased exposure is low.''*** N'' [14.4]

* In the Polar Regions, the main projected biophysical effects are reductions in thickness and extent of glaciers and ice sheets, and changes in natural ecosystems with detrimental effects on many organisms including migratory birds, mammals and higher predators. In the Arctic, additional impacts include reductions in the extent of sea ice and permafrost, increased coastal erosion, and an increase in the depth of permafrost seasonal thawing.''** D'' [15.3, 15.4, 15.2]\n* For Arctic human communities, impacts, particularly resulting from changing snow and ice conditions, are projected to be mixed. Detrimental impacts would include those on infrastructure and traditional indigenous ways of life.''** D'' [15.4]\n* Beneficial impacts would include reduced heating costs and more navigable northern sea routes.''* D'' [15.4]\n* In both polar regions, specific ecosystems and habitats are projected to be vulnerable, as climatic barriers to species' invasions are lowered.''** D'' [15.6, 15.4]\n* Already Arctic human communities are adapting to climate change, but both external and internal stressors challenge their adaptive capacities. Despite the resilience shown historically by Arctic indigenous communities, some traditional ways of life are being threatened and substantial investments are needed to adapt or re-locate physical structures and communities.''** D'' [15.ES]

* Small islands, whether located in the Tropics or higher latitudes, have characteristics which make them especially vulnerable to the effects of climate change, sea level rise and extreme events.''***'' [16.1, 16.5]\n* Deterioration in coastal conditions, for example through erosion of beaches and coral bleaching, is expected to affect local resources, e.g., fisheries, and reduce the value of these destinations for tourism.''** D'' [16.4]\n* Sea-level rise is expected to exacerbate inundation, storm surge, erosion and other coastal hazards, thus threatening vital infrastructure, settlements and facilities that support the livelihood of island communities.''*** D'' [16.4]\n* Climate change is projected by the mid-century to reduce water resources in many small islands, e.g., in the Caribbean and Pacific, to the point where they become insufficient to meet demand during low rainfall periods.''*** D'' [16.4]\n* With higher temperatures, increased invasion by non-native species is expected to occur, particularly on middle and high-latitude islands.''** N'' [16.4]

* The resilience of many ecosystems is likely to be exceeded this century by an unprecedented combination of climate change, associated disturbances (e.g., flooding, drought, wildfire, insects, ocean acidification), and other global change drivers (e.g., land use change, pollution, over-exploitation of resources). ** N [4.1 to 4.6]\n* Over the course of this century net carbon uptake by terrestrial ecosystems is likely to peak before mid-century and then weaken or even reverse^^11^^, thus amplifying climate change. ** [4.ES]\n* Approximately 20-30% of plant and animal species assessed so far are likely to be at increased risk of extinction if increases in global average temperature exceed 1.5-2.5°C. * N [4.4, T4.1]\n* For increases in global average temperature exceeding 1.5-2.5°C and in concomitant atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, there are projected to be major changes in ecosystem structure and function, species' ecological interactions, and species' geographic ranges, with predominantly negative consequences for biodiversity, and ecosystem goods and services e.g., water and food supply. ** N [4.4]\n* The progressive acidification of oceans due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide is expected to have negative impacts on marine shell forming organisms (e.g., corals) and their dependent species. * N [B4.4, 6.4]

* Crop productivity is projected to increase slightly at mid to high latitudes for local mean temperature increases of up to 1-3°C depending on the crop, and then decrease beyond that in some regions. * D [5.4]\n* At lower latitudes, especially seasonally dry and tropical regions, crop productivity is projected to decrease for even small local temperature increases (1-2°C), which would increase risk of hunger. * D [5.4]\n* Globally, the potential for food production is projected to increase with increases in local average temperature over a range of 1-3°C, but above this it is projected to decrease. * D [5.4, 5.ES]\n* Adaptations such as altered cultivars and planting times allow low and mid- to high latitude cereal yields to be maintained at or above baseline yields for modest warming. * N [5.5]\n* Increases in the frequency of droughts and floods are projected to affect local production negatively, especially in subsistence sectors at low latitudes. ** D [5.4, 5.ES]\n* Globally, commercial timber productivity rises modestly with climate change in the short- to medium-term, with large regional variability around the global trend. * D [5.4]\n* Regional changes in the distribution and production of particular fish species are expected due to continued warming, with adverse effects projected for aquaculture and fisheries. ** D[5.4.6]

* Coasts are projected to be exposed to increasing risks, including coastal erosion, due to climate change and sea-level rise and the effect will be exacerbated by increasing human-induced pressures on coastal areas. *** D [6.3, 6.4]\n* Corals are vulnerable to thermal stress and have low adaptive capacity. Increases in sea surface temperature of about 1 to 3°C are projected to result in more frequent coral bleaching events and widespread mortality, unless there is thermal adaptation or acclimatisation by corals. *** D [B6.1, 6.4]\n* Coastal wetlands including salt marshes and mangroves are projected to be negatively affected by sea-level rise especially where they are constrained on their landward side, or starved of sediment. *** D [6.4]\n* Many millions more people are projected to be flooded every year due to sea-level rise by the 2080s. Those densely-populated and low-lying areas where adaptive capacity is relatively low, and which already face other challenges such as tropical storms or local coastal subsidence, are especially at risk. The numbers affected will be largest in the mega-deltas of Asia and Africa while small islands are especially vulnerable. *** D [6.4]\n* Adaptation for coastal regions will be more challenging in developing countries than developed countries due to constraints on adaptive capacity. ** D [6.4, 6.5, T6.11]

* Costs and benefits of climate change for industry, settlement, and society will vary widely by location and scale. In the aggregate, however, net effects will tend to be more negative the larger the change in climate. ** N [7.4, 7.6]\n* The most vulnerable industries, settlements and societies are generally those in coastal and river flood plains, those whose economies are closely linked with climate-sensitive resources, and those in areas prone to extreme weather events, especially where rapid urbanisation is occurring. ** D [7.1, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5]\n* Poor communities can be especially vulnerable, in particular those concentrated in high-risk areas. They tend to have more limited adaptive capacities, and are more dependent on climate-sensitive resources such as local water and food supplies. ** N [7.2, 7.4, 5.4]\n* Where extreme weather events become more intense and/or more frequent, the economic and social costs of those events will increase, and these increases will be substantial in the areas most directly affected. Climate change impacts spread from directly impacted areas and sectors to other areas and sectors through extensive and complex linkages. ** N [7.4, 7.5]

* Projected climate change-related exposures are likely to affect the health status of millions of people, particularly those with low adaptive capacity, through:\n** increases in malnutrition and consequent disorders, with implications for child growth and development;\n** increased deaths, disease and injury due to heat waves, floods, storms, fires and droughts;\n** the increased burden of diarrhoeal disease;\n** the increased frequency of cardio-respiratory diseases due to higher concentrations of ground level ozone related to climate change; and,\n** the altered spatial distribution of some infectious disease vectors. ** D [8.4, 8.ES, 8.2]\n* Climate change is expected to have some mixed effects, such as the decrease or increase of the range and transmission potential of malaria in Africa. ** D [8.4]\n* Studies in temperate areas^^12^^ have shown that climate change is projected to bring some benefits, such as fewer deaths from cold exposure. Overall it is expected that these benefits will be outweighed by the negative health effects of rising temperatures world-wide, especially in developing countries. ** D [8.4]\n* The balance of positive and negative health impacts will vary from one location to another, and will alter over time as temperatures continue to rise. Critically important will be factors that directly shape the health of populations such as education, health care, public health prevention and infrastructure and economic development. *** N [8.3]

* By 2020, between 75 and 250 million people are projected to be exposed to an increase of water stress due to climate change. If coupled with increased demand, this will adversely affect livelihoods and exacerbate water-related problems.''** D'' [9.4, 3.4, 8.2, 8.4]\n* Agricultural production, including access to food, in many African countries and regions is projected to be severely compromised by climate variability and change. The area suitable for agriculture, the length of growing seasons and yield potential, particularly along the margins of semi-arid and arid areas, are expected to decrease. This would further adversely affect food security and exacerbate malnutrition in the continent. In some countries, yields from rain-fed agriculture could be reduced by up to 50% by 2020.''** D'' [9.2, 9.4, F9.4, 9.6, 8.4]\n* Local food supplies are projected to be negatively affected by decreasing fisheries resources in large lakes due to rising water temperatures, which may be exacerbated by continued over-fishing.''** N'' [9.4, 5.4, 8.4]\n* Towards the end of the 21st century, projected sea-level rise will affect low-lying coastal areas with large populations. The cost of adaptation could amount to at least 5-10% of GDP. Mangroves and coral reefs are projected to be further degraded, with additional consequences for fisheries and tourism.''** D'' [9.4]\n* New studies confirm that Africa is one of the most vulnerable continents to climate variability and change because of multiple stresses and low adaptive capacity. Some adaptation to current climate variability is taking place, however, this may be insufficient for future changes in climate.''** N'' [9.5]

* Glacier melt in the Himalayas is projected to increase flooding, rock avalanches from destabilised slopes, and affect water resources within the next two to three decades. This will be followed by decreased river flows as the glaciers recede. ''* N'' [10.2, 10.4]\n* Freshwater availability in Central, South, East and Southeast Asia particularly in large river basins is projected to decrease due to climate change which, along with population growth and increasing demand arising from higher standards of living, could adversely affect more than a billion people by the 2050s. ''** N'' [10.4.2]\n* Coastal areas, especially heavily-populated mega-delta regions in South, East and Southeast Asia, will be at greatest risk due to increased flooding from the sea and in some mega-deltas flooding from the rivers. ''** D'' [10.4]\n* Climate change is projected to impinge on sustainable development of most developing countries of Asia as it compounds the pressures on natural resources and the environment associated with rapid urbanisation, industrialisation, and economic development. ''** D'' [10.5]\n* It is projected that crop yields could increase up to 20% in East and Southeast Asia while it could decrease up to 30% in Central and South Asia by the mid-21st century. Taken together and considering the influence of rapid population growth and urbanization, the risk of hunger is projected to remain very high in several developing countries. ''* N'' [10.4.1]\n* Endemic morbidity and mortality due to diarrhoeal disease primarily associated with floods and droughts are expected to rise in East, South and Southeast Asia due to projected changes in hydrological cycle associated with global warming. Increases in coastal water temperature would exacerbate the abundance and/or toxicity of cholera in South Asia. ''** N'' [10.4.5]

* As a result of reduced precipitation and increased evaporation, water security problems are projected to intensify by 2030 in southern and eastern Australia and, in New Zealand, in Northland and some eastern regions.''** D'' [11.4]\n* Significant loss of biodiversity is projected to occur by 2020 in some ecologically-rich sites including the Great Barrier Reef and Queensland Wet Tropics. Other sites at risk include Kakadu wetlands, south-west Australia, sub-Antarctic islands and the alpine areas of both countries.''*** D'' [11.4]\n* Ongoing coastal development and population growth in areas such as Cairns and Southeast Queensland (Australia) and Northland to Bay of Plenty (New Zealand), are projected to exacerbate risks from sea-level rise and increases in the severity and frequency of storms and coastal flooding by 2050.''*** D'' [11.4, 11.6]\n* Production from agriculture and forestry by 2030 is projected to decline over much of southern and eastern Australia, and over parts of eastern New Zealand, due to increased drought and fire. However, in New Zealand, initial benefits to agriculture and forestry are projected in western and southern areas and close to major rivers due to a longer growing season, less frost and increased rainfall.''** N'' [11.4]\n* The region has substantial adaptive capacity due to well-developed economies and scientific and technical capabilities, but there are considerable constraints to implementation and major challenges from changes in extreme events. Natural systems have limited adaptive capacity.''** N'' [11.2, 11.5]

@@font-size:90%;''Note'': This is a "framed" page from the web site of ''NPR - National Public Radio''.\nYou can view this page in a separate browser tab or window at http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7431198@@\n<html><iframe\n title = "CFL Bulbs Have One Hitch: Toxic Mercury."\n src = "http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7431198"\n style="\n background-color:#ffffff; \n border-color:#ffffff;\n border:none;"\n width = "100%"\n height = "1000"\n frameborder = "0"\n scrolling = "yes">\n</iframe></html>

!!!Resolution on Information and Communications\nadopted by the\n''20th General Assembly''\nof the\n''Conference Of Non-Governmental Organizations in Consultative Status with ECOSOC (CONGO)''\nGeneva, Switzerland, 3-5 November, 1997\n!!!Information and Communications\n<<<\nThe //20th General Assembly of the Conference of NGOs//, meeting in Geneva from 3 to 5 November, 1997,\n\n//Recognizing// the continuing dramatic advances in information and communications technology, and the ways in which these advances are:\n* transforming access to, and participation in, the United Nations system;\n* creating a forum for non-governmental organizations that transcends national boundaries; and\n* enabling structural changes in the relationships between non-governmental organizations and national and local governments; \n//Recognizing also// that there exist very substantial disparities between countries, and within countries, in the extent to which there is effective access to the global information infrastructure;\n\n//Resolves// to consider how the Conference of NGOs and its member organizations can make use of modern information and communications technology to increase their effectiveness and to strengthen the participation of non-governmental organizations in the work of the United Nations system in order to promote the goals of the United Nations. \n<<<\n\n----\n\nResolution proposed by:\n: [[Information Habitat: Where Information Lives]]\n: International Council of Jewish Women

''California Skywatch'' has been developed by [[Rosalind Peterson]], who also has developed [[Bakersfield Skywatch]] and ...\n\n@@font-size:90%;''Note'': This is a "framed" page from the ''California Skywatch'' web site. You can view this page in a separate browser tab or window at http://www.californiaskywatch.com/@@\n<html>\n<iframe\n style="\n background-color:#ffffff; \n border-color:#ffffff;\n border:none;"\n width = "100%"\n height = "1000"\n frameborder = "0"\n scrolling = "yes"\n src = "http://www.californiaskywatch.com/"\n title = "California Skywatch">\n</iframe> </html>

[img[Cambridge in America Day 2006, Saturday, December 2, 2006, CUNY Graduate Center, New York City|http://www.climate-change-two.net/blue-banner.gif]]\n\nMore than 250 Cantabs from around the country, alumni of every Cambridge College, gathered in New York City on Saturday, December 2, for “''Cambridge in America Day 2006: What Future for Life on Earth?''”. The afternoon forum at the CUNY Graduate Center featured two of Cambridge’s illustrious alumni and two leading Cambridge academics – both holders of newly established chairs -- whose talks focused on biodiversity loss and issues of sustainability, cost, science, evidence, and the balance and competition between conservation and development in third-world countries. Attendees got a close-up look at the role Cambridge University -- in its current teaching and research and in the activities of its alumni -- is playing in the fields of biodiversity, conservation, and sustainability.\n\nGuests were welcomed by Cambridge in America Board Member Marc Feigen, who extended greetings from the Vice-Chancellor and Colleges, and enjoyed noting that the pen everyone received was made from recyclable materials. King’s graduate Dr. James Deutsch served as the program’s host and moderator.\n!![[Biodiversity and Poverty: The Challenge for Conservation: Bill Adams]]\n> [[Professor Bill Adams]], Moran Professor of Conservation and Development and Fellow of Downing College, began the program with a discussion of biodiversity and rural poverty.\n!![[Future Directions in Conservation Sciences: William Sutherland]]\n> [[Professor William Sutherland]], Miriam Rothschild Professor in Conservation Biology, gave a lively talk on evidenced-based medicine and the application of evidence-based science in conservation as well as population distribution and the use of scientific innovations to help alleviate stress on the environment. \n!![[A View from Water Level: Jill Fredston]]\n> [[Jill Fredston]] (Darwin, MPhil), Co-Director of the Alaska Mountain Safety Center, concluded the trio of presentations with her talk entitled “A View from Water Level” which discussed what makes a place wild as well as the shifting baselines of wilderness; she also touched on her most recent work studying polar bears’ shrinking habitats and how species adapt. Her talk was accompanied by a great photographic presentation – a must-see for armchair travelers and a vivid reminder of what is at stake.\n!![[What Future for Life on Earth? Panel Discussion]]\n> A panel discussion, moderated by [[Dr. James Deutsch]] (King’s MPhil, PhD), Director of the Africa Program of the Wildlife Conservation Society, then provided the opportunity for audience members to ask questions of the speakers and offer some insights and opinions of their own. The day concluded with a drinks reception where alumni gathered to meet the speakers and reunite with fellow Cantabrigians.\n

"Caring For Climate: The Business Leadership Platform"\n\nA Statement by the Business Leaders of the UN Global Compact\n\nUpon the occasion of the 2007 Global Compact Leaders Summit (Geneva),\n\nWe, the Business Leaders of the UN Global Compact:\n<<<\n''Recognize that:''\n# Climate Change is an issue requiring urgent and extensive action on the part of governments, business and citizens if the risk of serious damage to global prosperity and security is to be avoided.\n# Climate change poses both risks and opportunities to all parts of the business sector, everywhere. It is in the interest of the business community, as well as responsible behavior, for companies and their associations to play a full part in increasing energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions to the atmosphere and, where possible, assisting society to respond to those changes in the climate to which we are already committed.\n''Commit to:''\n# Taking practical actions now to increase the efficiency of energy usage and to reduce the carbon burden of our products, services and processes, to set voluntary targets for doing so, and to report publicly on the achievement of those targets annually in our Communication on Progress.\n# Building significant capacity within our organizations to understand fully the implications of climate change for our business and to develop a coherent business strategy for minimizing risks and identifying opportunities.\n# Engaging fully and positively with our own national governments, inter-governmental organizations and civil society organizations to develop policies and measures that will provide an enabling framework for the business sector to contribute effectively to building a low carbon economy.\n# Working collaboratively with other enterprises nationally and sectorally, and along our value-chains, by setting standards and taking joint initiatives aimed at reducing climate risks, assisting with adaptation to climate change and enhancing climate-related opportunities.\n# Becoming an active business champion for rapid and extensive response to climate change with our peers, employees, customers, investors and the broader public.\n''Expect from Governments:''\n# The urgent creation, in close consultation with the business community and civil society, of comprehensive, long-term and effective legislative and fiscal frameworks designed to make markets work for the climate, in particular policies and mechanisms intended to create a stable price for carbon;\n# Recognition that building effective public-private partnerships to respond to the climate challenge will require major public investments to catalyze and support business and civil society led initiatives, especially in relation to research, development, deployment and transfer of low carbon energy technologies and practices.\n# Vigorous international cooperation aimed at providing a robust global policy framework within which private investments in building a low carbon economy can be made, as well as providing financial and other support to assist those countries that require help to realize their own climate mitigation and adaptation targets whilst achieving poverty alleviation, energy security and natural resource management.\n''And will:''\n# Work collaboratively on joint initiatives between public and private sectors and through them achieve a comprehensive understanding of how both public and private sectors can best play a pro-active and leading role in meeting the climate challenge in an effective way.\n# Invite the UN Global Compact to promote the public disclosure of actions taken by the signatories to this Statement and, in cooperation with UNEP and the WBCSD, communicate on this on a regular basis, starting July 2008.\n<<<\n----\n\n''Explanatory note: "Caring for Climate: The Business Leadership Platform"''\nA Statement by the Business Leaders of the UN Global Compact\n<<<\n''Origins of the Statement''\n\nThe Global Compact's commitment to environmental protection is firmly embedded in its foundational spirit and three environmental principles. There is now a consensus that the climate change agenda will affect business and society in fundamental and transformative ways. The importance of early action is increasingly recognized. As climate change has become a fundamental issue for society, the need for leadership and voluntary action is becoming ever more urgent. Against this background, a consultation group comprised of business and civil society representatives convened by the Global Compact, UNEP and the WBCSD has prepared a Statement entitled "Caring for Climate, The Business Leadership Platform". This Statement has also found broad support among the Global Compact's multistakeholder Board.\n\n''Endorsing the Statement''\n\nThe Statement offers Global Compact business participants an opportunity to demonstrate climate leadership on both the individual and collective levels. A company's decision to endorse the Statement should follow the Global Compact's established leadership and organizational change model: it requires CEO-level support, strategic and operational changes within the organization, and ongoing public communication on related activities and performance in line with the "Communication on Progress" framework. Support for the Statement is, therefore, consistent with existing Global Compact engagement methodologies. The Global Compact is aware that many if its 3000-plus business participants currently do not have the capacity to measure their GHG emissions due to size and other organizational characteristics. It is established practice at the Global Compact not to discriminate on these grounds. We will continue this tradition with regard to the Business Leadership Statement on Climate.\n\n''What the Statement is NOT''\n\nThe Statement is NOT a new requirement for Global Compact participation. It is an optional platform for active Global Compact participants who wish to advance climate change solutions. A decision to abstain from the Statement will not in any way be viewed as an indication of a company's commitment to the Global Compact or impact its standing in the initiative.\n\nThis Statement seeks to provide a practical platform for advancing the Global Compact's environmental principles. At the same time, other measures taken by companies to preserve the environment and to address their carbon footprint will continue to be equally appreciated under the UN Global Compact.\n\n''The Leaders Summit and Beyond''\n\nAll Global Compact business participants are invited to express their support for the Statement. It is hoped that a significant number of business Leaders will support the Statement before the Global Compact Leaders Summit (5-6 July 2007 in Geneva). The names of those companies will be listed on the Global Compact website at www.unglobalcompact.org and will be recognized at the event. During the Summit, it is expected that the United Nations Secretary-General and others will emphasize the importance of the climate change and this Business Leadership Statement. The Statement will remain open for signature during and after the Summit.\n\n''Other Explanations''\n\nIt is understood that the call to governments to develop frameworks is meant to be framed under the current International framework. Moreover, the term "setting standards" under the business commitment is clearly meant to refer to environmental performance standards, such as energy consumption, environmental impact and emissions. It does not refer to "international standards" whose design is the prerogative of governments.\n\nFurthermore, it is understood that the setting of voluntary targets as referred to in commitment 2) will be in accordance with different responsibilities and capabilities.\n<<<

The ''Catholic International Education Office'' is a non-governmental organization representing world-wide Catholic education as a NGO. Founded in 1952 in Lucerne (Switzerland). It groups the national secretariats of Catholic education from each member country. Organised in five world regions : Africa, America, Europe, Asia and Oceania, Middle and Near-East. General Secretariat established in Brussels (Belgium). Formal relationship with international agencies and institutions working in the field of education:\n* ''UNESCO'': consultative status, category B, since 1958. With a status of formal consultation relationship since 1997.\n* ''ECOSOC'': registered with the Social and Economic Council of the United Nations since 1958. Since 1998, special consultative status.\n* ''UNICEF'': consultative status since 1963.\n* ''Council of Europe'': consultative status since 1965.\n* Collaboration relationship with: ''FAO'' (United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation), ''ILO'' (International Labour Office), ''OAU'' (Organisation of African Unity), ''OAS'' (Organisation of American States). \n\n\n\nhttp://www.infoiec.org

@@font-size:90%;''Note'': This is a "framed" page from the [[UN Documents Cooperation Circles|UN Documents Cooperation Circles: Gathering a Body of Global Agreements]] web site.\nYou can view this page in a separate browser tab or window at http://www.un-documents.net/charter.htm@@\n<html><iframe\n title = "Charter of the United Nations"\n src = "http://www.un-documents.net/charter.htm"\n style="\n background-color:#ffffff; \n border-color:#ffffff;\n border:none;"\n width = "100%"\n height = "1000"\n frameborder = "0"\n scrolling = "yes">\n</iframe></html>

!! Cities Nurturing a Culture of Peace\n!! An Invitation to All Participants in Habitat II\nOn Tuesday, June 4th, in the afternoon, at the Technical Institute on the Guyumussu Campus, the [[International Association of Peace Messenger Cities]] is conducting a workshop on ''Cities: Their Responsibility to a Culture of Peace''. Mayors from the following cities have been invited to participate in the panel, reporting on their "best practices" in dealing with that mandate: Geneva, Switzerland; Lisbon, Portugal; Yokohama, Japan; Marzabotto, Italy; Lome, Togo; Abidjan, Ivory Coast; Brighton, England; Warsaw, Poland, Volgograd, Russia; New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Pori, Finland; Quito, Ecuador; Krusevac, Republic of Serbia, all members of the Executive Board of the Association.\n\nThe ''International Association of Peace Messenger Cities'' is literally a creature of the United Nations, consisting of 74 municipalities worldwide, designated by the General Assembly as Peace Messengers since 1986. Its membership firmly believes Cities have responsibility to raise the consciousness of its residents to an understanding of how military solutions affect the lives of urban dwellers. It encourages the development in the cities of programs for peace and tolerance.\n\nThe workshop is arranged to allow participation and dialogue from the floor.\n\nFor further information:\n<<<\nBrian Fitch, General Secretary, IAPMC,\nFax + 44 1273 202 364\n<<<\n\n* [[Mission Statement]]\n* [[Join the Peace Caucus]]\n* [[Peace Caucus' Recommended Changes to the Habitat II Advance Unedited Draft Agenda]]

![[Overview]]\n!![[Climate Change Crisis]]\n* [[Nature of the Climate Change]]\n* [[Timelines of Climate Change]]\n* [[Overview: Historic & Projected Trends]]\n!![[CO2 Emissions]]\n* [[Escalating Energy Consumption]]\n* [[Greenhouse Effect]]\n!![[Global Warming]]\n* [[Melting Ice]]\n** [[Vanishing Icecaps]]\n** [[Thermal Currents]]\n** [[Vanishing Glaciers]]\n** [[Meltdown Dynamics]]\n** [[Freshwater Shortages]]\n* [[Sea level rise]]\n** [[Lowlands Loss & Flooding]]\n** [[Small Islands]]\n* [[Extreme Weather]]\n** [[Extreme Storms]]\n** [[Prolongued Droughts]]\n!![[Economics of Climate Change]]\n* [[The Stern Review]] - Macroeconomics\n* [[Grassroots Enterprises]] - Microeconomics\n!![[Vital Responses]]\n* [[Guiding Principles]]\n* [[Wetlands Restoration]]\n* [[Native Tree Planting]]\n* [[Soil Conservation]]\n* [[Composting]]\n* [[Biogas]]\n* [[Permaculture principles]]\n* [[Avoiding dangerous climate change]]\n!![[Open Source Intelligence]]

<<<\n"No problem can be solved from the same level of consciousness that created it."\n//Albert Einstein// (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate \n<<<\n''Climate Change 2.0'' is being developed from a vision of a collaborative application of ''Web 2.0'' methodologies to the global climate change crisis and incorporating a transition to an Open Source, Creative Commons climate. ''Climate Change 2.0'' is based on the recognition of the vital contribution that the combination of the [[economics of information|Economics of information]] and information and communications technologies (ICT) can contribute - and already are contributing - to addressing what is increasingly recognized as the greatest challenges to a sustainable common future, both through the power of the technologies and through the progressive discovery and realization of the fundamental properties and nature of a digital knowledge-based universe and the accompanying profound freedoms and transformation of human consciousness and the emergence of digitally-connected global civil society that has been growing rapidly since the early stages of preparations for the 1992 Earth Summit - of which the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] was a key component.\n<<<\n"''The Interlocking Crises''\nUntil recently, the planet was a large world in which human activities and their effects were neatly compartmentalized within nations, within sectors (energy, agriculture, trade), and within broad areas of concern (environment, economics, social). These compartments have begun to dissolve. This applies in particular to the various global 'crises' that have seized public concern, particularly over the past decade. These are not separate crises: an environmental crisis, a development crisis, an energy crisis. They are all one."\n//[[Our Common Future, From One Earth to One World|http://www.un-documents.net/ocf-ov.htm]]//\n<<<\n!! See also:\n* [[Climate Change 2.0 - Elements]]\n

<<<\n"''The Interlocking Crises''\n\nUntil recently, the planet was a large world in which human activities and their effects were neatly compartmentalized within nations, within sectors (energy, agriculture, trade), and within broad areas of concern (environment, economics, social). These compartments have begun to dissolve. This applies in particular to the various global 'crises' that have seized public concern, particularly over the past decade. These are not separate crises: an environmental crisis, a development crisis, an energy crisis. They are all one."\n>> //From [[Our Common Future, From One Earth to One World|http://www.un-documents.net/ocf-ov.htm]]//\n<<<\n[[Climate Change 2.0]] \nThe adoption of holistic approaches, combined with the role of information & communication technologies (ICT) in enabling holistic perspectives, has played a key role in the conception and development of [[Climate Change 2.0]]. \n\nICT has played a central role in almost all aspects of understanding and action relating to climte change: observing, analyzing, modeling, understanding and responding to climate change: the publication and dissemination of climate change information; organizing local, national and international responses to climate change; monitoring and managing energy use - e.g. smart buildings, intelligent transportation systems, industrial ecology, ... - and the design, development and management of low-carbon energy technologies.\n\nDespite this vital role, very little attention has been given either to the role of information technology - either in the reports of the [[IPCC|Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] or in other climate change-related sites, and there appear to be no other initiatives that have adopted a holistic approach to the potential contribution of information technology in addressing the challenge of climate change, or to an analysis and approach that seeks to optimize the overall ''climate change information ecosystem''.\n\nIn its initial phase, Climate Change 2.0 has focused on this information ecosystem, and on the development of methodologies designed to optimize the organization, presentation and dissemination of the available information on climate change, and on strategies for mitigation and adaptation. Some key approaches:\n\n\n* Almost all official publications on climate change are made available as pdf files - a format that is print / paper-oriented, and not optimized for a digital environment.\n** The pdf files rarely contain bookmarks - that can be added with very little effort through Adobe Acrobat Professional\nrolw of information technology in organizing the available information in a manner that is optimized \n\n\n\n

Addressing Climate Change in a Knowledge-Based Universe:\nAn invitation to participate \n\n"Until recently, the planet was a large world in which human activities and their effects were neatly compartmentalized within nations, within sectors (energy, agriculture, trade), and within broad areas of concern (environment, economics, social). These compartments have begun to dissolve. This applies in particular to the various global 'crises' that have seized public concern, particularly over the past decade. These are not separate crises: an environmental crisis, a development crisis, an energy crisis. They are all one."\n Our Common Future, Report of the World Commission on Environment & Development, 1987\n\nClimate Change 2.0 is an open demonstration process that draws on the power of information and communication technologies and the nature of a knowledge-based universe to address the global climate change crisis from a holistic perspective of the climate change information ecosystem.\n\nWhen the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change was signed on the eve of the 1992 Earth Summit, the World Wide Web had not yet celebrated its first anniversary. In the fifteen years since then, the nature and scope of the climate change information ecosystem has been transformed beyond recognition, and information and communications technologies have played a central role in almost all aspects of understanding of, and response to, the changing climate, including:\n* observing, analyzing and modeling climate change;\n* collaboration among climate change researchers;\n* publication and dissemination of climate change information;\n* organizing local, national and international responses to climate change;\n* monitoring and managing energy use, e.g. smart buildings, intelligent transportation systems, industrial ecology; and\n* design, development and management of low-carbon energy technologies.\n\nIn the larger context, the accelerating developments in information and communications technology have been the major drivers in economic development, and have led to profound changes in an extensive range of economic and social transactions, and in the ability to observe and monitor the natural environment. These changes are taking place in the emergence of a networked information economy, brilliantly described by Yochai Benkler in The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom, in what can perhaps best be described as a global transition towards a profound new þNash equilibriumþ centred on a knowledge-based economy.\n\nYet, despite this vital role, scant attention has been given to the significance of information technology in addressing climate change, nor has any systematic initiative been launched to mobiliize and contribution of and phenomenal advances in the\n\nThe Earth Summit agreements - the Rio Declaration on Environment & Development, and Agenda 21 - incorporated two major breakthroughs in global agreements:\n* recognition of the inter-relatedness of economic development, social development and the environment; and\n* the need for participation of all sectors in society in the transition to sustainable development.\n\nDespite this vital role, very little attention has been given either to the role of information technology - either in the reports of the IPCC or in other climate change-related sites, and there appear to be no other initiatives that have adopted a holistic approach to the potential contribution of information technology in addressing the challenge of climate change, or to an analysis and approach that seeks to optimize the overall climate change information ecosystem.\n\nIn its initial phase, Climate Change 2.0 has focused on climate change-related documents, and on initiatives to the organization, presentation and dissemination of these documents ...\n\nClimate Change 2.0 is being developed under the auspices of the NGO Committee on Education of CONGO, the Conference Of Non-Governmental Organizations in Consultative Relationship with the United Nations, with a short-term focus on preparations for, participation in and follow-up to the 60th Annual DPI/NGO Conference, on Climate Change: How It Impacts Us All, to be held September 5-7 2007 at UN Headquarters, and with the goal of preparing a report for the September 24 Summit on Climate Change recently announced by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon.\n\nClimate Change 2.0 has been initiated by Information Habitat: Where Information Lives, a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) in Special Consultative Status with the UN Economic and Social Council. Since its inception in May 1990, Information Habitat has pioneered and facilitated the use of information and communications technology in support of broad-based participation and access to and exchange of information by NGOs in the work of the United Nations and of the transition to a knowledge-based society and economy, and played a leadership trole in the online publication of key United Nations documents relating to sustainable development.\n\n"No problem can be solved from the same level of consciousness that created it."\nAlbert Einstein (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate\n

A number of elements have been developed under the auspices of [[Climate Change 2.0]], with an initial focus on the development of an online platform for the September 2007 [[60th Annual DPI/NGO Conference]] to be held at UN Headquarters on the theme "Climate Change: How It Impacts Us All", and in the broader context of the [[United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development]], 2005-2014, and related international decades.\n\nThe DPI/NGO Climate Change Conference offers a unique opportunity for a demonstration project of [[Climate Change 2.0]] as it will be the last to be held at the United Nations Headquarters before major renovations begin, and there is strong interest in developing a prototype interactive online framework that would provide for real-time participation in the Conference, for this Conference, and as a model to be used for future Annual DPI/NGO Conferences.\n\nAmong the elements that are under development are the following:\n!! ~TiddlyWiki sites\n* [[Climate Change 2.0]]<br>[[www.climate-change-two.net/|http://www.climate-change-two.net/]]\n** [[Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability]]<br>[[www.climate-change-two.net/ar4-wg2-spm|http://www.climate-change-two.net/ar4-wg2-spm]]\n** [[Peace Caucus: The Wild Cards in Climate Change]]<br>[[www.peacecaucus.net|htt[://www.peacecaucus.net]]\n* [[NGO Committee on Education]]<br>[[www.ngo-education.net/|http://www.ngo-education.net/]]\n** [[Education, Youth & Technology for Sustainable Development]]<br>[[www.ngo-education.net/workshop/|http://www.ngo-education.net/workshop/]]\n!!! ~TiddlyWikiPerfect sites\n* [[TiddlyWikiPerfect: An emerging hybrid information species]]<br>[[www.tiddlywikiperfect.net/|http://www.tiddlywikiperfect.net/]]\n** [[Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble: Plan B 2.1 (beta)]]<br>[[www.climate-change-two.net/plan-b/|http://www.climate-change-two.net/plan-b/]]\n** [[Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review]]<br>[[www.climate-change-two.net/stern-review/|http://www.climate-change-two.net/stern-review/]]\n** ~TiddlyWikiPerfect sites under development\n** Confronting Climate Change\n*** Silken Valleys - Digital relief post-Kashmir earthquake\n*** ~DataPerfect Manual\n*** Information Habitat 2.0\n!! "Normal" - HTML - web sites\n* [[UN Documents Cooperation Circles: Gathering a Body of Global Agreements]]<br>[[www.un-documents.net/|http://www.un-documents.net/]]\n** [[Our Common Future]]<br>[[www.un-documents.net/wced-ocf.htm|http://www.un-documents.net/wced-ocf.htm]]\n* [[The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom]]<br>[[www.climate-change-two.net/wealth-of-networks/|http://www.climate-change-two.net/wealth-of-networks/]]\n!! Related Email Groups\n* [[Climate Change 2.0 Google Group|Subscribe to the Climate Change 2.0 Google Group]]\n* [[Networking Sub-Committee, Planning Committee|Subscribe to the Networking Sub-Committee Google Group]]\n* [[NGO Committee on Education|Subscribe to the NGO Committee on Education Google Group]]\n* [[Information Ecology Yahoo! Group|Subscribe to the Information Ecology Yahoo! Group]]\n* [[The Peace Caucus Yahoo! Group|Subscribe to the the Peace Caucus Yahoo! Group]]\n* [[TiddlyWiki Google Group|Subscribe to the TiddlyWiki Google Group]]\n** [[TiddlyWiki Developer Google Group|Subscribe to the TiddlyWikiDev Google Group]]\n!! Other sites\n* [[The Wealth of Networks wiki notes]]<br>[[www.benkler.org/wealth_of_networks|http://www.benkler.org/wealth_of_networks/]]\n* [[Information Ecologist @ Blue Dot]]<br>[[bluedot.us/users/Information-Ecologist|http://bluedot.us/users/Information-Ecologist]] - social bookmarking\n* ~H2O Playlist\n

The ''Information Ecology of Climate Change'' is intended to harness the power of the Internet, and particularly of ''Web 2.0'' tools to the challenge of climate change, with a focus on the use of Free and Open Source software and through a focused and systematic expansion of the global [[Creative Commons]].\n\nThere is a vast amount of information and documents on the many aspects of climate change freely available online, and while it is relatively easy to find information and specific documents using search engines, it is also very easy to be overwhelmed by the sheer volume - a Google search for "climate change" currently generate approximately 85,000,000 hits, for "global warming" and "sustainable development", the numbers are 70,000,000 and 60,000,000 respectively.\n\nMost of the major documents on climate change are published - and freely available - as pdf files; however, pdf is optimized for printing, not for online accessibility; page breaks make reading a pdf document online a discontinuous process, and the use of hyperlinks in pdf files - when they are included - makes for a very cumbersome navigation process. One of the key initial tasks for ''Climate Change 2.0'' is the translation of these pdf documents into a format optimized for a web-based environment.\n\nWhen HTML versions of climate change reports are also published, e.g. with copies of the [[Third Assessment Review|IPCC Third Assessment Review]] of the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]], the HTML pages are frequently in a fragmented form. The adoption of simple, no-cost, measures such as the creation of dedicated sub-domains for the publication of each report could provide significant benefits by enabling site-specific searches.\n\nFrequently, lengthy reports, e.g. the 659 page [[Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change|Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review]], are published without the inclusion of any bookmarks. Incidentally, the Stern Review, in addressing the economics of climate change gave very scant attention to the role of information technology, and offered no analysis of the economics of information.\n\nMany climate change-related research papers are only available through subscription to professional journals; while individual copies can generally be purchased, typically at the price of $9.00 per article (compared to a zero marginal cost), the number of articles that a serious lay investigator might have a legitimate interest in reading makes for a prohibitive cost for most people; a cooperative initiative among professional societies to waive the charge for papers on climate change, \n\nYochai Benkler's acclaimed book, [[The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom]] offers exceptional insight and examples as to the profound transformation that are taking place, through "peer production" and new forms of collaboration in the accelerating transition to a "networked information economy"; it seems clear that a systematic effort to harness these powerful processes in a broad-based mobilization of creative intelligence to address the global climate change crisis would pay handsome dividends.\n\nThe Wealth of Networks also highlights the opportunities for significant contributions to bodies of knowledge that can be made by individuals, often without formal credentials, who are able to develop online centers of excellence through a systematic process of gathering and organizing information from multiple online sources. Given the increasingly narrow specialization in scientific research, the free availability of scientific research on climate change could provide an excellent opportunity for a generalist, with a holistic perspective and a broad general understanding of different scientific fields to make a major contribution to the body of knowledge on climate change.\n\nThe example of ''Oscar'' - an open source design for an environmentally-sound automobile - offers another example of how the adoption of open source, creative commons approaches to technology offer the possibility of making significant contributions to addressing climate change. In a different vein, the combination of ~WalMart's recent commitment to address climate change and its extensive use of RFID technology could serve as a demonstration model for the establishment of full-cost accounting in the traditional economic sphere by making visible, and accountable, previously undocumented external costs, including environmental impacts, of economic activity. The Stern Review correctly recognizes the failure of conventional markets to acknowledge external costs as a fundamental market failure that has been a major economic driver in supporting unsustainable energy use and the corresponding increases in the emission of greenhouse gases.\n\nThere would be great value in developing and implementing a comprehensive initiative to gather and organize the available information on climate change - and on a broad range of sustainable development issues, and while the cost would not be trivial, the effort could pay great dividends in the challenge of addressing climate change. There is a clear need for the development and utilizations of a climate change taxonomy, and corresponding enhancements to search engine methodology, that could play a valuable role in targeted search for relevant information.\n\nA web-based campaign to make use of social bookmarking sites - e.g. [[del.icio.us]] and [[Blue Dot]] - as platforms for collaborative gathering and sharing of key online information and resources, together with the progressive development of a structured framework for climate change-related tags offers significant opportunities for rapid and effective dissemination of critical information.\n\nLikewise, the development of a collaborative wiki site, provided it incorporates an accountability and clear commitment to, and monitoring of, guidelines for participation that are unfortunately missing from <<wikipedia Wikipedia>>, could offer an invaluable participatory forum within which a rigorous, comprehensive body of climate change information could be assembled..\n\nTiddlyWikiPerfect offers a very promising platform for managing, organizing and sharing climate change information. TiddlyWikiPerfect is an emerging hybrid information species combining the power of two exceptional software platforms - TiddlyWiki - [[www.tiddlywiki.com|http://www.tiddlywiki.com]] - a brilliant and rapidly-evolving self-contained wiki that serves as a prime example of the "peer production" model described by Yochai Benkler - and DataPerfect, lesser-known companion of the classic WordPerfect for DOS and arguably the most brilliant relational database yet to see the light of day, whose genius was largely obscured by the transition to a Windows platform, but has remained alive, supported by a brilliant and dedicated group of developers - see [[www.dataperfect.nl|http://www.dataperfect.nl]] - and has now been adapted to an online environment where it is now able to function as a web server.\n\nIn a broader context, the radical change in an in increasingly networked information economy - touched on but not fully developed in Yochai Benkler's [[The Wealth of Networks|The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom]] is the largely unappreciated reality that in a networked knowledge-based universe, a universe in which knowledge is the central basis for wealth and in which the zero-based properties of information become increasingly self-evident and appreciated - i.e. that information has zero mass, zero physical size and takes virtually zero time and cost to travel - accessibility to wealth is no longer constrained the laws of conservation of mass and energy.

Hand-in-hand with the online dimensions of ''Climate Change 2.0'' is a focus on the simple, yet vital task of ''Renewing the Earth'' through composting -

!! Transition to knowledge-based economies, societies and environments\n* Nature and properties of a knowledge-based universe and networked information economy +++\n\n* Zero-based properties of information\n* Zero marginal cost\n* Equilibrium in a knowledge-based economy\n===\n\n* ''Transformation of information ecosystems'' +++\n* [[Information ecosystems]]\n* Evolution of collaborative information tools\n** Online meeting software\n** Electronic mailing lists\n** Wikis\n** Blogs\n** Social bookmarking sites\n* Emergence of Open Source software & digital commons\n** Open source communities\n** Digital commons communities\n===\n\n* ''Transformation of markets'' +++\n* Evolution of "perfect markets"\n* [[The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom]]\n===\n\n* ''Transformation of news media'' +++\n* Revival of freedom of the press\n===\n\n* ''Thinking differently'' +++\n* Holistic approaches\n* Collective intelligence\n===\n\n!! Climate Change information ecosystems\n* ''Role of information technology'' +++\n* observing, analyzing and modeling climate change;\n* collaboration among climate change researchers;\n* publication and dissemination of climate change information;\n* organizing local, national and international responses to climate change;\n* monitoring and managing energy use, e.g. smart buildings, intelligent transportation systems, industrial ecology; and\n* design, development and management of low-carbon energy technologies.\n===\n\n* ''Climate change reports & analyses'' +++\n* Complexity of climate change information\n* Predominance of pdf (print/paper oriented) publication +++\n* Absence of pdf bookmarks\n===\n\n* Absence of common climate change taxonomy search framework\n* Barriers to search optimization\n* Opportunities for optimization of digital access\n===\n\n* ''Climate change, environmental & sustainable development agreements'' +++\n* Lack of integrative framework for agreements\n* Lack of integrative monitoring frameworks\n===\n\n* ''Climate change networks'' +++\n* Science & research communities\n* Governments & intergovernmental organizations\n* Civil society networks & organizations\n* Indigenous peoples\n* Faith-based networks\n* Industry networks\n* Education community\n* Energy producers - states & corporations\n===\n\n* ''Climate change in the media'' +++\n* Consolidation of mainstream media & relationship with energy industry\n* Proliferation of Independent media - blogs, video, audio, wikis, et al\n===\n\n!! Participating organizations\n

<<<\n"No problem can be solved from the same level of consciousness that created it."\n//Albert Einstein// (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate \n<<<\n''Climate Change 2.0 - The Manhattan Connection'', scheduled for release on ''Earth Day'' - ''Sunday, April 22, 2007'' - has been conceived as a vehicle to harness the power and intelligence of Web 2.0 and to mobilize the resources, genius, creativity, power and diversity of Manhattan, and surrounding areas, to address the truths and consequences of dangerous global climate change, and the addiction to oil with which the dangers are directly linked. \n!! Why Climate Change 2.0?\n!!! Phase 2: Truth & Consequences; The Need for Timely, Intelligent Responses\nWith the initial release of the [[Fourth Assessment Report]] of the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]], following on the heels of [[An Inconvenient Truth]], and in the light of increasing reports of rapidly melting ice - sea ice, ice sheets, ice caps, snow caps and glaciers - in the polar and mountain regions of the Earth - and the growing disruption of human communities, wildlife, flora and fauna in those regions.\n!! Why The Manhattan Connection?\nWhile dangerous climate change \n!!! Magnitude of the Challenge\nNothing less than a commitment on a scale, and urgency as great or greater than that of the original Manhattan Project is needed for a timely, intelligent responses to the truth and consequences of global warming\nWe need to recognize that the magnitude and immediacy of the rising trend of both temperatures and of greenhouse gases - especially CO~~2~~ - Carbon Dioxide - combined with the cumulative impact of historical emissions and the time scale momentum of \n!!! Manhattan's Power and Influence\nAs both financial and communications capital of the world, \n\n* [[Climate Change 2.0 - Elements]]\n* [[Climate Change 2.0 - The Vision]]\n* [[Climate Change 2.0 - Renewing the Earth]]\n

Despite the fact that ICT has made indispensable contributions to the understanding of climate change. the lack of recognition of the current and potential role of ICT - and of the [[economics of information|Economics of information]], in addressing the climate change crisis is striking. Among the many contributions of ICT are the:\n* collection and analysis of the evidence demonstrating the nature and dynamics of climate change would not be possible;\n* use of earth observation satellite imagery\n* extensive and timely collaboration among thousands of research scientists, advocates and activists concerned with climate change;\n* use of the Internet as a key medium in the publication and dissemination of information and publications relating to climate change trends\nHowever, while there is a massive amount of information freely available online in relation to climate change,\n* there is no systematic strategy to optimize the organization of climate change information for a digital environment\n* almost all of the major documents are published as pdf files - a format optimized for printing - and that offers fairly primitive and cumbersome navigational features compared to the combination of HTML, scripting languages and database-driven methodologies\n* the pdf files are generally created without even the incorporation of internal pdf navigational tools, i.e. bookmarks, or with systematic inclusion of hyperlinks to references\nIn addition. although there are some excellent examples of the value of process-oriented ICT, little attention is given to the actual and potential use of ICT in such areas as:\n* monitoring and analyzing industrial energy & resource use, often within the conceptual framework of ''industrial ecology'' - see <<wikipedia "Industrial ecology">> at <<wikipedia Wikipedia>>.\n* monitoring and management of residential & office energy use\n* monitoring and management of traffic congestion & traffic flows\n* energy-saving through substituting the movement of information for the movement of people\n!!![[Background / Context]]\n!!![[Draft Plan of Action]]\n!!![[Current Status]]\n!!![[Related Initiatives]]

[[Climate Change 2.0]] incorporates a vision of a world with a climate of peace and broad-based participation in which the

<<tiddler "A. Introduction (ar4-wg2-spm)">>\n\n<<tiddler "B. Current knowledge about observed impacts of climate change on the natural and human environment (ar4-wg2-spm)">>\n<<tiddler "C. Current knowledge about future impacts (ar4-wg2-spm)">>

The Summary for Policy Makers of Working Group II of the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] addresses ''Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability'' was released on April 6, 2007 and provides an overview of the current knowledge about observed impacts of climate change on the natural and human environment, across a wide range of systems and sectors concerning the nature of future impacts, including for some fields not covered in previous assessments, and by regions. \n* The official version of the 23-page summary can be downloaded in pdf format at [[www.ipcc.ch/SPM13apr07.pdf|http://www.ipcc.ch/SPM13apr07.pdf]]\n* Access the full report: [[Climate Change 2007: Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Report of Working Group II]]\n* The contents of the summary have been reorganized in TiddlyWiki format with the goal of making it easier to read and understand at [[www.climate-change-two.net/ar4-wg2-spm|http://www.climate-change-two.net/ar4-wg2-spm]].

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The final Report of ''Climate Change 2007: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report'' will be adopted at the 27th meeting of ''IPCC''.\n\n<<siteMap ipcc-ar4>>

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''Observed changes in climate and its effects'' (WG 1, 2)\n* Past climate change including palaeoclimate aspects\n* Effects of past climate change on natural systems and society\n''Causes of change'' (WG 1, 2, 3)\n* Natural and human-related factors\n* Feedbacks, via the carbon cycle and otherwise\n''Climate change and its impacts in the near and long term under different scenarios'' (WG 1, 2, 3)\n* Future climate change\n* Vulnerabilities\n* Hazards, risks and opportunities\n* Water, agriculture, ecosystems, human well-being and development\n* Regional implications\n* Implications of timescales, inertia, and lags\n* Risks of abrupt or irreversible changes\n''Adaptation and mitigation options and responses, and the inter-relationship with sustainable development, at global and regional levels'' (WG 2, 3)\n* Adaptation - past experience and options and policies (including costs/benefits, co-benefits, and spillover effects), extent, limits, effectiveness and enhancement, sectoral and regional considerations, current, medium-, and long-term\n* Mitigation - past experience and options and policies (including costs/benefits, co-benefits, and spillover effects), extent, limits, effectiveness and enhancement, sectoral and regional considerations, current, medium-, and long-term\n* Relationship between adaptation and mitigation options\n* Technology: timing, development, transfer, environment and integration issues\n* International cooperation\n''The long term perspective'': scientific and socio-economic aspects relevant to adaptation and mitigation, consistent with the objectives and provisions of the Convention, and in the context of sustainable development\n* Costs, benefits and avoided damage and risks at global and regional levels and under different scenarios\n* Timing of mitigation and equity implications\n* Relationship between adaptation and mitigation\n* Technology flows and development\n* Broader environment and integration issues\n''Robust findings, key uncertainties''

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@@font-size:90%;''Note'': This is a "framed" page from the web site of ''Working Group I of the IPCC''. You can view this page in a separate browser tab or window at http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/wg1-report.html@@\n<html><iframe\n style="\n background-color:#ffffff; \n border-color:#ffffff;\n border:none;"\n width = "100%"\n height = "1000"\n frameborder = "0"\n scrolling = "yes"\n src = "http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/wg1-report.html"\n title = "Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis of Climate Change">\n</iframe> </html>

* ''How has the science of climate change advanced since the IPCC began?'' +++\n* [[Chapter 1. Historical Overview of Climate Change Science|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch01.pdf]] (36 p, 7.4 MB)\n===\n\n* ''What is known about the natural and anthropogenic agents that contribute to climate change, and the underlying processes that are involved?'' +++\n* [[Chapter 2. Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch02.pdf]] (106 p, 8.6 MB)\n* [[Chapter 6. Palaeoclimate|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch06.pdf]] (66 p, 7.9 MB)\n* [[Chapter 7. Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch07-v2.pdf]] (90 p, 8.5 MB)\n===\n\n* ''How has climate been observed to change during the period of instrumental measurements?'' +++\n* [[Chapter 3. Observations: Surface and Atmospheric Climate Change|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch03.pdf]] (102 p, 22.9 MB)\n* [[Chapter 4. Observations: Changes in Snow, Ice and Frozen Ground|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch04.pdf]] (52 p, 6.5 MB)\n* [[Chapter 5. Observations: Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch05.pdf]] (48 p, 12.9 MB)\n===\n\n* ''What is known of palaeoclimatic changes, before the instrumental era, over time scales of hundreds to millions of years, and the processes that caused them?'' +++\n* [[Chapter 6. Palaeoclimate|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch06.pdf]] (66 p, 7.9 MB)\n* [[Chapter 9. Understanding and Attributing Climate Change|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch09.pdf]] (74 p, 5.6 MB)\n===\n\n* ''How well do we understand human and natural contributions to recent climate change, and how well can we simulate changes in climate using models?'' +++\n* [[Chapter 8. Climate Models and their Evaluation|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch08.pdf]] (74 p, 5.6 MB)\n===\n\n* ''How is climate projected to change in the future, globally and regionally?'' +++\n* [[Chapter 10. Global Climate Projections|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch10.pdf]] (100 p, 18.3 MB)\n* [[Chapter 11. Regional Climate Projections|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch11.pdf]] (94 p, 11.5 MB)\n===\n\n* ''What is known about past and projected changes in sea level, including the role of changes in glaciers and ice sheets?'' +++\n* [[Chapter 4. Observations: Changes in Snow, Ice and Frozen Ground|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch04.pdf]] (48 p, 6.5 MB)\n* [[Chapter 5. Observations: Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch05.pdf]] (48 p, 12.9 MB)\n* [[Chapter 6. Palaeoclimate|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch06.pdf]] (66 p, 7.9 MB)\n* [[Chapter 10. Global Climate Projections|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch10.pdf]] (100 p, 18.3 MB)\n===\n\n* ''Are extremes such as heavy precipitation, droughts, and heat waves changing and why, and how are they expected to change in the future?'' +++\n* [[Chapter 3. Observations: Surface and Atmospheric Climate Change|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch03.pdf]] (102 p, 22.9 MB)\n* [[Chapter 5. Observations: Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch05.pdf]] (48 p, 12.9 MB)\n* [[Chapter 9. Understanding and Attributing Climate Change|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch09.pdf]] (74 p, 5.6 MB)\n* [[Chapter 10. Global Climate Projections|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch10.pdf]] (100 p, 18.3 MB)\n* [[Chapter 11. Regional Climate Projections|http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_Ch11.pdf]] (94 p, 11.5 MB)\n===\n

''You'' are invited to participate in ''Climate Change Summer'' a free-form, open, //pro bono publico//, network of partnerships committed to independent and collaborative learning, teaching, dialogue on climate change. the actual and likely impacts, and steps we can take to reduce our impact and adapt to the likely changes. ''Climate Change Summer'' is a time for us to focus our attention on what many call the greatest challenge humanity has ever faced , deepen our understanding of the causes and consequences, become aware of our own [[carbon footprints]] and how we can reduce them, and to explore the remarkable free and Open Source online tools and resource that make possible remarkable new form of intelligent collaboration and free exchange of information and tools.\n\n''Climate Change Summer'' has been incubated in [[Climate Change 2.0]], a \n \n!! Summer has begun\nAt 18:06 UTC - 2:06 pm, Eastern Standard Time in New York, the 2007 Summer Solstice marked the beginning of Summer\n!! A ~TiddlyWiki Gathering for Climate Change Summer\n''Climate Change Summer'' is very fortunate to have found TiddlyWiki and adopted it - along with TiddlyWikiPerfect that emerged from a very fruitful union between TiddlyWiki and DataPerfect - as a platform for ''Climate Change Summer''\n!!! Learn how to build your own Climate Change Summer - \n* [[Download Climate Change Summer]]\n* Change the SiteTitle, e.g. to Climate Change Summer, Paris; Climate Change Summer, Senegal; ...\n* Change the fonts\n* Change the colours\n* Customize the MainMenu\n* Add your own tiddlers - focusing on themes and topics that are important to you as you come across interesting sites, news reports\n* Learn more about TiddlyWiki, e.g. \n** by expanding the [[Tiddler Administrative]]\n** by visiting [[twhelp.tiddlyspot.com|http://twhelp.tiddlyspot.com]]\n** by subscribing to [[TiddlyWiki@googlegroups.com]]\n* Using [[iframe tiddlers]] or simple HTML tags, you can include useful web pages, blogs, or streaming videos, etc \n!! Searching, gathering, sharing & organizing information\nThere Tools for \n** use [[Google Alerts]] to track news & web sites of interest to you - whether for "climate change summer"\n!! When it gets hot ...\nWhen it gets hot this summer, let it be a reminder to us to deepen our commitment to responding effectively in reducing our own The imminence of the dangers - highlighted in a [[major article|Climate change and trace gases. Hansen, J. et al]] in the ''Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society A'' by leading climate change scientists in confirmed what many observers had already concluded, that the rate of global warming is significantly faster than has been predicted. ''The Independent online'''s lead story on June 19 - [[The Earth today stands in imminent peril|The Earth today stands in imminent peril. The Independent online]] - was based on this article.\n!! How you can participate\nAs a participant, you are invited to spend time, as you are able, during the summer months - from June 21, to September 23, 2007 in:\n* learning and teaching about climate change;\n* answering and researching any questions you may have;\n* learning about the actual and prospective impacts of global warming\n* learning about and publicizing ways that may be effective in responding to the threat of these impacts;\n* gathering valuable information and sharing it with others who share your concerns;\n* participating in one or more networks or organization that are taking effective action in the face of climate change.\n!! Summer reading\n!! The time is now\nTime is of the essence in responding the climate change, faced with growing evidence as to the accelerating rates of melting of ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers and permafrost, with severe implications for freshwater availability, sea-level rise, and acceleration of warming through the release of methane released from thawing permafrost.\n!! Stay tuned\n* check back here for evolving news and updates.\n* subscribe to [[climate-change-summer@googlegroups.com]]\n* track [[Information Ecologist @ BlueDot]]

Photographs can provide an easy way to share experiences, stories and information. [[Picasa web albums]] are one of the free and easy to use resources for sharing your photos. Most of the albums \n@@font-size:90%;''Note'': [[Click here to view this page in a separate browser tab or window|http://picasaweb.google.com/ecology2001]]@@\n<html>\n<iframe\n style="\n background-color:#ffffff; \n border-color:#ffffff;\n border:none;"\n width = "100%"\n height = "1000"\n frameborder = "0"\n scrolling = "yes"\n src = "http://picasaweb.google.com/ecology2001"\n title = "Picasa web albums for Climate Change Summer"'>\n</iframe> </html>

\n@@font-size:90%;''Note'': [[Click here to view this page in a separate browser tab or window|http://coinet.org.uk/]]@@\n<html>\n<iframe\n style="\n background-color:#ffffff; \n border-color:#ffffff;\n border:none;"\n width = "750"\n height = "1000"\n frameborder = "0"\n scrolling = "yes"\n src = "http://coinet.org.uk/"\n title = "Climate Outreach & Information Network"'>\n</iframe> </html>

This article, by leading climate scientists, including James Hansen, of NASA, published in the ''Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society A'' provides compelling evidence that the impact of human-induced climate change is much greater than presented in the recently-issued ''Fourth Assessment Report'' of the IPCC..\n\nA report on the publication of this article was featured as the lead story on ''The Independent online'' on June 19, 2007. For more information, read the article, [[The Earth today stands in imminent peril|The Earth today stands in imminent peril. The Independent online]].\n\n@@font-size:90%;''Note'': [[Click here to view this page in a separate browser tab or window|http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/content/l3h462k7p4068780/fulltext.html ]]@@\n<html>\n<iframe\n style="\n background-color:#ffffff; \n border-color:#ffffff;\n border:none;"\n width = "100%"\n height = "1000"\n frameborder = "0"\n scrolling = "yes"\n src = "http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/content/l3h462k7p4068780/fulltext.html"\n title = "climate change and trace gases"'>\n</iframe> </html>\n

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In addition to this main web site, the [[Information and Communications Sub-Committee]] has been developing a number of web sites for the [[NGO Committee on Education]]:\n* ''UN Documents Cooperation Circles: Gathering a Body of Global Agreements'' - a unique hyperlinked collection of more than five hundred key United Nations documents relating to sustainable development, education, human rights, peace, etc., including the agreements from most of the major global conferences organized by the United Nations and a significant number of important conventions / treaties. http://www.un-documents.net [[Read more details|UN Documents Cooperation Circles: Gathering a Body of Global Agreements]] \n* ''The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom'' - an HTML adaptation of the highly acclaimed book, released under a [[Creative Commons]] licence, on the nature and dynamics of a 'networked information economy' by ''Yochai Benkler''. Professor of Law at Yale University and New York University. http://www.ngo-education.net/wealth-of-networks/ [[Read more details|The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom]]

In many respects, composting is at the heart of Climate Change 2.0. Compostin - saving your coffee grounds and eggshells, banana and orange peel,

''CONGO'' - the ''C''onference ''O''f ''N''on-''G''overnmental ''O''rganizations in Consultative Relationship with the United Nations - is an independent, international, not-for-profit membership association of nongovernmental organizations that facilitates the participation of ~NGOs in United Nations debates and decisions. CONGO is most active in the major UN centers of New York, Geneva, and Vienna, but extends its work to all regions of the world. In 2002. CONGO became accredited in its own right as an NGO in General Consultative Status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council.\n* [[www.ngocongo.org/|http://www.ngocongo.org]]

The imminence and severity of the problems posed by the accelerating changes in the global climate are becoming increasingly evident. Heat waves are becoming more severe, droughts and downpours are becoming more intense, the Greenland Ice Sheet is shrinking and sea level is rising, and the increasing acidification of the oceans is threatening calcifying organisms. The environment and the world’s societies are facing increasing stress.\n\nThere is growing recognition of the complex scientific and technical issues related to climate change and sustainable development. The [[Johannesburg Plan of Implementation|http://www.un-documents.net/jburgpln.htm]], adopted in 2002 at the World Summit on Sustainable Development, requested that the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) "[g]ive greater consideration to the scientific contributions to sustainable development through, for example, drawing on the scientific community."\n\nThe ''United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs'' (DESA), in its role as Secretariat to the CSD, seeks to facilitate contributions by the scientific community to the work of the Commission. Accordingly, DESA invited ''Sigma Xi'', the Scientific Research Society, to convene an international panel of scientific experts to prepare a report outlining the best measures for mitigating and adapting to global warming for submission to the CSD.\n\nTo carry out this task, the Scientific Expert Group on Climate Change and Sustainable Development (SEG) was formed and is comprised of 18 distinguished international scientists. The panel was asked to consider innovative approaches for mitigating and/or adapting to projected climate changes, and to anticipate the relationship of response measures to sustainable development.\n\n''Highlights of the resulting report include'':\n* To avoid a entering a regime of sharply rising danger of intolerable impacts on humans, policy makers should limit temperature increases from global warming to 2-2.5°C above the 1750 pre-industrial level. It is still possible to avoid unmanageable changes in the future, but the time for action is now. +++\n** Temperatures have already risen about 0.8°C[1] above pre-industrial levels and are projected to rise of approximately 3-5°C over pre-industrial levels by 2100.\n** Avoiding temperature increases greater than 2-2.5°C would require very rapid success in reducing emissions of methane and black soot worldwide, and global carbon dioxide emissions must level off by 2015 or 2020 at not much above their current amount, before beginning a decline to no more than a third of that level by 2100.\n===\n\n* The technology exists to seize significant opportunities around the globe to reduce emissions and provide other economic, environmental and social benefits, including meeting the United Nations’ [[Millennium Development Goals]]. To do so, policy makers must immediately act to reduce emissions by: +++\n** Improving efficiency in the transportation sector through measures such as vehicle efficiency standards, fuel taxes, and registration fees/rebates that favor purchase of efficient and alternative fuel vehicles.\n** Improving design and efficiency of commercial and residential buildings through building codes, standards for equipment and appliances, incentives for property developers and landlords to build and manage properties efficiently, and financing for energy-efficiency investments.\n** Expanding the use of biofuels through energy portfolio standards and incentives to growers and consumers.\n** Beginning immediately, designing and deploying only coal-fired power plants that will be capable of cost-effective and environmentally-sound retrofits for capture and sequestration of their carbon emissions.\n===\n\n* Some level of climate change and impacts from it is already unavoidable. Societies must do more to adapt to ongoing and unavoidable changes in the Earth’s climate system by: +++\n** Improving preparedness/response strategies and management of natural resources to cope with future climatic conditions that will be. fundamentally different than those experienced for the last 100 years.\n** Addressing the adaptation needs of the poorest and most vulnerable nations, which will bear the brunt of climate change impacts.\n** Planning and building climate resilient cities.\n** Strengthening international, national, and regional institutions to cope with weather-related disasters and an increasing number of climate change refugees.\n===\n\n* The international community, through the UN and related multilateral institutions, can play a crucial role in advancing action to manage the unavoidable and avoid the unmanageable by: +++\n** Helping developing countries and countries with economies in transition to finance and deploy energy efficient and new energy technologies.\n** Accelerating negotiations to develop a successor international framework for addressing climate change and sustainable development.\n** Educating all about the opportunities to adopt mitigation and adaptation measures.\n===\n\n\n''Download Confronting Climate Cnange'':\n* [[Executive Summary|http://www.unfoundation.org/files/pdf/2007/SEG_ExecSumm.pdf]] (pdf, 3 Mb)\n* [[Full Report|http://www.unfoundation.org/files/pdf/2007/SEG_Report.pdf]] (pdf, 8Mb)\n* [[Corrected page 15|http://www.unfoundation.org/files/pdf/2007/SEG_errata_map.pdf]] (pdf, 4Mb)\nVisit [[official web site for Confronting Climate Change|http://www.unfoundation.org/SEG/]]

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<html><hide linebreaks>\nPlease use this form to send any messages, comments or questions about this site, or send an email to <a href="mailto:webster@climate-change-two.net">webster@climate-change-two.net</a>:\n<p>\n<form method=post target=email action="http://cgi.eytv4sfc.net/gdform.cgi" style="display:inline">\n<input type=hidden name=to value="seasons-of-peace@earthlink.net.net">\n<input type=hidden name=subject value="Climate Change 2.0 feedback">\n<input type=hidden name=prefix value="The Economics of Climate Change">\n<input type=hidden name=url value="javascript:window.close();">\n<input type=text name=from style="width:49%" value="your name" onfocus="this.select()">\n<input type=text name=reply style="width:49%" value="your email address" onfocus="this.select()"><br>\n<input type=text name=organization style="width:99%" value="your organization (optional)" onfocus="this.select()"><br>\n<font size=-2>Your message:</font><br>\n<textarea rows=7 cols=50 name=text style="width:98%" onfocus="this.select()"></textarea><br>\n<font size=-2>Enter your information, comments or questions, then press </font><input type=submit value="send"></form>\n<p>\nPlease note that your message will probably remain here are you have sent it, and that doesn't mean the message hasn't been sent!\n</html>

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!! [[60th Annual DPI/NGO Conference. Climate Change: How It Impacts Us All|60th Annual DPI/NGO Conference]]\n!!! Afternoon Roundtable Session\n''Thursday, 6 September 2007\n3:00 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.\nConference Room 4''\n\nThis panel will focus on innovative ways to minimise and cope with the negative impacts of climate change, primarily as they present in erratic weather patterns. These events aggravate famine and mass migrations in areas already burdened, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. The panel will address the effective local initiatives utilised in combating desertification - planning and zoning techniques, which can stem the rapid loss of agricultural lands to urbanisation. How can these be overcome without sacrificing issues of equity? What can ~NGOs, national governments and UN agencies do to encourage compliance?\n\nIn addition, the panelists will consider the vital role that the preservation of biodiversity and reforestation policies can play in reducing the amount of carbon dioxide entering the atmosphere.\n!!!Moderator:\n* [[Khaled Dawoud]], Correspondent, ~Al-Jazeera +++\n> <<tiddler "Khaled Dawoud">>\n===\n\n!!! Speakers:\n* [[Rosalind Peterson]], California President and ~Co-Founder of the Agriculture Defense Coalition (ADC) +++\n> <<tiddler "Rosalind Peterson">>\n===\n\n* [[Dickson Despommier]], Professor of Public Health and Microbiology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University +++\n> <<tiddler "Dickson Despommier">>\n===\n\n* [[Pekka Patosaari]], Director, Secretariat for the [[United Nations Forum on Forests]] +++\n> <<tiddler "Pekka Patosaari">>\n===\n\n* [[Li Xiaolin]], ~Vice-President, Chinese People’s Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries +++\n> <<tiddler "Li Xiaolin">>\n===\n\nhttp://www.un.org/dpi/ngosection/conference/Roundtable4.htm

The vision of a ''Culture of Peace''

/***\n|Name|HoverMenuPlugin|\n|Created by|[[Saq Imtiaz]]|\n|Location|http://tw.lewcid.org/#HoverMenuPlugin|\n|Version|1.11|\n|Requires|~TW2.x|\n|Description: |Provides a hovering menu on the edge of the screen for commonly used commands, that scrolls with the page. |\n|Demo: |Observe the hovering menu on the right edge of the screen. |\n|Installation: |Copy the contents of this tiddler to your TW, tag with systemConfig, save and reload your TW. |\nTo customize your HoverMenu, edit the HoverMenu shadow tiddler.\n\nTo customize whether the menu sticks to the right or left edge of the screen, and its start position, edit the HoverMenu configuration settings part of the code below. It's well documented, so don't be scared!\n\nThe menu has an id of hoverMenu, in case you want to style the buttons in it using css.\n\n!Notes:\nSince the default HoverMenu contains buttons for toggling the side bar and jumping to the top of the screen and to open tiddlers, the ToggleSideBarMacro, JumpMacro and the JumpToTopMacro are included in this tiddler, so you dont need to install them separately. Having them installed separately as well could lead to complications.\n\nIf you dont intend to use these three macros at all, feel free to remove those sections of code in this tiddler.\n\n!To Do:\n* rework code to allow multiple hovering menus in different positions, horizontal etc.\n* incorporate code for keyboard shortcuts that correspond to the buttons in the hovermenu\n\n!History:\n*03-08-06, ver 1.1.2: compatibility fix with SelectThemePlugin\n*03-08-06, ver 1.11: fixed error with button tooltips\n*27-07-06, ver 1.1 : added JumpMacro to hoverMenu\n*23-07-06\n\n!Code\n***/\n\n/***\nstart HoverMenu plugin code\n***/\n//{{{\nconfig.hoverMenu={};\n//}}}\n\n/***\nHoverMenu configuration settings\n***/\n//{{{\nconfig.hoverMenu.settings={\n align: 'right', //align menu to right or left side of screen, possible values are 'right' and 'left' \n x: 18, // horizontal distance of menu from side of screen, increase to your liking.\n y: 200 //vertical distance of menu from top of screen at start, increase or decrease to your liking\n };\n//}}}\n\n//{{{\n//continue HoverMenu plugin code\nconfig.hoverMenu.handler=function()\n{ \n if (!document.getElementById("hoverMenu"))\n {\n var theMenu = createTiddlyElement(document.getElementById("contentWrapper"), "div","hoverMenu");\n theMenu.setAttribute("refresh","content");\n theMenu.setAttribute("tiddler","HoverMenu");\n var menuContent = store.getTiddlerText("HoverMenu");\n wikify(menuContent,theMenu);\n }\n\n var Xloc = this.settings.x;\n Yloc =this.settings.y;\n var ns = (navigator.appName.indexOf("Netscape") != -1);\n function SetMenu(id)\n {\n var GetElements=document.getElementById?document.getElementById(id):document.all?document.all[id]:document.layers[id];\n if(document.layers)GetElements.style=GetElements;\n GetElements.sP=function(x,y){this.style[config.hoverMenu.settings.align]=x +"px";this.style.top=y +"px";};\n GetElements.x = Xloc;\n GetElements.y = findScrollY();\n GetElements.y += Yloc;\n return GetElements;\n }\n window.LoCate_XY=function()\n {\n var pY = findScrollY();\n ftlObj.y += (pY + Yloc - ftlObj.y)/15;\n ftlObj.sP(ftlObj.x, ftlObj.y);\n setTimeout("LoCate_XY()", 10);\n }\n ftlObj = SetMenu("hoverMenu");\n LoCate_XY();\n};\n\nwindow.old_lewcid_hovermenu_restart = restart;\nrestart = function()\n{\n window.old_lewcid_hovermenu_restart();\n config.hoverMenu.handler();\n};\n\nsetStylesheet(\n"#hoverMenu .imgLink, #hoverMenu .imgLink:hover {border:none; padding:0px; float:right; margin-bottom:2px; margin-top:0px;}\sn"+\n"#hoverMenu .button, #hoverMenu .tiddlyLink {border:none; font-weight:bold; background:#18f; color:#FFF; padding:0 5px; float:right; margin-bottom:4px;}\sn"+\n"#hoverMenu .button:hover, #hoverMenu .tiddlyLink:hover {font-weight:bold; border:none; color:#fff; background:#000; padding:0 5px; float:right; margin-bottom:4px;}\sn"+\n"#hoverMenu .button {width:100%; text-align:center}"+\n"#hoverMenu { position:absolute; width:7px;}\sn"+\n"\sn","hoverMenuStyles");\n\n\nconfig.macros.renameButton={};\nconfig.macros.renameButton.handler = function(place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler)\n{\n\n if (place.lastChild.tagName!="BR")\n {\n place.lastChild.firstChild.data = params[0];\n if (params[1]) {place.lastChild.title = params[1];}\n }\n};\n\nconfig.shadowTiddlers["HoverMenu"]="<<top>>\sn<<toggleSideBar>><<renameButton '>' >>\sn<<jump j '' top>>\sn<<saveChanges>><<renameButton s 'Save TiddlyWiki'>>\sn<<newTiddler>><<renameButton n>>\sn";\n//}}}\n//end HoverMenu plugin code\n\n//Start ToggleSideBarMacro code\n//{{{\nconfig.macros.toggleSideBar={};\n\nconfig.macros.toggleSideBar.settings={\n styleHide : "#sidebar { display: none;}\sn"+"#contentWrapper #displayArea { margin-right: 1em;}\sn"+"",\n styleShow : " ",\n arrow1: "«",\n arrow2: "»"\n};\n\nconfig.macros.toggleSideBar.handler=function (place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler)\n{\n var tooltip= params[1]||'toggle sidebar';\n var mode = (params[2] && params[2]=="hide")? "hide":"show";\n var arrow = (mode == "hide")? this.settings.arrow1:this.settings.arrow2;\n var label= (params[0]&&params[0]!='.')?params[0]+" "+arrow:arrow;\n var theBtn = createTiddlyButton(place,label,tooltip,this.onToggleSideBar,"button HideSideBarButton");\n if (mode == "hide")\n { \n (document.getElementById("sidebar")).setAttribute("toggle","hide");\n setStylesheet(this.settings.styleHide,"ToggleSideBarStyles");\n }\n};\n\nconfig.macros.toggleSideBar.onToggleSideBar = function(){\n var sidebar = document.getElementById("sidebar");\n var settings = config.macros.toggleSideBar.settings;\n if (sidebar.getAttribute("toggle")=='hide')\n {\n setStylesheet(settings.styleShow,"ToggleSideBarStyles");\n sidebar.setAttribute("toggle","show");\n this.firstChild.data= (this.firstChild.data).replace(settings.arrow1,settings.arrow2);\n }\n else\n { \n setStylesheet(settings.styleHide,"ToggleSideBarStyles");\n sidebar.setAttribute("toggle","hide");\n this.firstChild.data= (this.firstChild.data).replace(settings.arrow2,settings.arrow1);\n }\n\n return false;\n}\n\nsetStylesheet(".HideSideBarButton .button {font-weight:bold; padding: 0 5px;}\sn","ToggleSideBarButtonStyles");\n//}}}\n//end ToggleSideBarMacro code\n\n//start JumpToTopMacro code\n//{{{\nconfig.macros.top={};\nconfig.macros.top.handler=function(place,macroName)\n{\n createTiddlyButton(place,"^","jump to top",this.onclick);\n}\nconfig.macros.top.onclick=function()\n{\n window.scrollTo(0,0);\n};\n\nconfig.commands.top =\n{\n text:" ^ ",\n tooltip:"jump to top"\n};\n\nconfig.commands.top.handler = function(event,src,title)\n{\n window.scrollTo(0,0);\n}\n//}}}\n//end JumpToStartMacro code\n\n//start JumpMacro code\n//{{{\nconfig.macros.jump= {};\nconfig.macros.jump.handler = function (place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler)\n{\n var label = (params[0] && params[0]!=".")? params[0]: 'jump';\n var tooltip = (params[1] && params[1]!=".")? params[1]: 'jump to an open tiddler';\n var top = (params[2] && params[2]=='top') ? true: false; \n\n var btn =createTiddlyButton(place,label,tooltip,this.onclick);\n if (top==true)\n btn.setAttribute("top","true")\n}\n\nconfig.macros.jump.onclick = function(e)\n{\n if (!e) var e = window.event;\n var theTarget = resolveTarget(e);\n var top = theTarget.getAttribute("top");\n var popup = Popup.create(this);\n if(popup)\n {\n if(top=="true")\n {createTiddlyButton(createTiddlyElement(popup,"li"),'Top ↑','Top of TW',config.macros.jump.top);\n createTiddlyElement(popup,"hr");}\n \n story.forEachTiddler(function(title,element) {\n createTiddlyLink(createTiddlyElement(popup,"li"),title,true);\n });\n }\n Popup.show(popup,false);\n e.cancelBubble = true;\n if (e.stopPropagation) e.stopPropagation();\n return false;\n}\n\nconfig.macros.jump.top = function()\n{\n window.scrollTo(0,0);\n}\n//}}}\n//end JumpMacro code\n\n//utility functions\n//{{{\nPopup.show = function(unused,slowly)\n{\n var curr = Popup.stack[Popup.stack.length-1];\n var rootLeft = findPosX(curr.root);\n var rootTop = findPosY(curr.root);\n var rootHeight = curr.root.offsetHeight;\n var popupLeft = rootLeft;\n var popupTop = rootTop + rootHeight;\n var popupWidth = curr.popup.offsetWidth;\n var winWidth = findWindowWidth();\n if (isChild(curr.root,'hoverMenu'))\n var x = config.hoverMenu.settings.x;\n else\n var x = 0;\n if(popupLeft + popupWidth+x > winWidth)\n popupLeft = winWidth - popupWidth -x;\n if (isChild(curr.root,'hoverMenu'))\n {curr.popup.style.right = x + "px";}\n else\n curr.popup.style.left = popupLeft + "px";\n curr.popup.style.top = popupTop + "px";\n curr.popup.style.display = "block";\n addClass(curr.root,"highlight");\n if(config.options.chkAnimate)\n anim.startAnimating(new Scroller(curr.popup,slowly));\n else\n window.scrollTo(0,ensureVisible(curr.popup));\n}\n\nwindow.isChild = function(e,parentId) {\n while (e != null) {\n var parent = document.getElementById(parentId);\n if (parent == e) return true;\n e = e.parentNode;\n }\n return false;\n};\n//}}}\n\n\n

The ''DPI/NGO Conference Planning Committee'' has the responsibility of planning the Annual DPI/NGO Conference. The Planning Committee for the 60th Conference is chaired by ''Richard Jordan'' and meets on a weekly basis - with occasional exceptions - each Thursday at United Nations Headquarters in New York. To be added to the list for receiving meeting announcements, minutes, etc, please send an email to ''section5 (at) un (dot) org''.\n\n

The [[NGO Committee on Education]] was a co-sponsor and organizer - with [[Rotary International]], [[UNESCO|http://www.unesco.org]], [[Information Habitat: Where Information Lives]], [[Earthwatch Institute]] and the [[Armenian Assembly of America]] - of ''Education, Youth & Technology for Sustainable Development'', a workshop at the ''59th Annual DPI/NGO Conference'' in September 2005 that focused on the [[United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development]]. For additional information on the workshop, please visit [[www.ngo-education.net/workshop|http://www.ngo-education.net/workshop]] - a site that was the Information and Communications Sub-Committee's first experiment with the TiddlyWiki software platform. \n\nNote that an earlier web site has been created for the workshop, using the open source educational software platform ''Moodle''- an acronym for Modular Object-Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment - see [[www.moodle.org|http://www.moodle.org]]. However. while Moodle offers some exceptional features, it is a much more complex platform, and unlike TiddlyWiki, which is a self-contained web site requiring only a browser to create, edit and/or view a pages, Moodle requires the installation of server-side software - and a web hosting service that permits the installation of the necessary software. You may be able to access the Moodle site for the Workshop - currently hosted sporadically on a home computer running Windows XP - at http://24.215.188.100/index.php\n\n

!!Education For All: Meeting Our Collective Commitments\n# Meeting in Dakar, Senegal, in April 2000, we, the participants in the World Education Forum, commit ourselves to the achievement of education for all (EFA) goals and targets for every citizen and for every society.\n# The Dakar Framework is a collective commitment to action. Governments have an obligation to ensure that EFA goals and targets are reached and sustained. This is a responsibility that will be met most effectively through broad-based partnerships within countries, supported by cooperation with regional and international agencies and institutions.\n# We re-affirm the vision of the [[World Declaration on Education for All|http://www.un-documents.net/jomtien.htm]] (Jomtien 1990), supported by the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights|http://www.un-documents.net/a3r217a.htm]] and the [[Convention on the Rights of the Child|http://www.un-documents.net/crc.htm]], that all children, young people and adults have the human right to benefit from an education that will meet their basic learning needs in the best and fullest sense of the term, an education that includes learning to know, to do, to live together and to be. It is an education geared to tapping each individual's talents and potential, and developing learners' personalities, so that they can improve their lives and transform their societies.\n# We welcome the commitments made by the international community to basic education throughout the 1990s, notably at the [[World Summit for Children|http://www.un-documents.net/wsc-dec.htm]] (1990), the [[Conference on Environment and Development|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-36.htm]] (1992), the [[World Conference on Human Rights|http://www.un-documents.net/ac157-23.htm]] (1993), the World Conference on Special Needs Education: Access and Quality (1994), the [[International Conference on Population and Development|http://www.un-documents.net/ac171-13.htm]] (1994), the [[World Summit for Social Development|http://www.un-documents.net/cope-dec.htm]] (1995), the [[Fourth World Conference on Women|http://www.un-documents.net/ac177-20.htm]] (1995), the [[Mid-Term Meeting of the International Consultative Forum on Education for All|The Amman Affirmation: Education for all: Achieving the goal]] (1996), the Fifth International Conference on Adult Education (1997), and the International Conference on Child Labour (1997). The challenge now is to deliver on these commitments.\n# The EFA 2000 Assessment demonstrates that there has been significant progress in many countries. But it is unacceptable in the year 2000 that more than 113 million children have no access to primary education, 880 million adults are illiterate, gender discrimination continues to permeate education systems, and the quality of learning and the acquisition of human values and skills fall far short of the aspirations and needs of individuals and societies. Youth and adults are denied access to the skills and knowledge necessary for gainful employment and full participation in their societies. Without accelerated progress towards education for all, national and internationally agreed targets for poverty reduction will be missed, and inequalities between countries and within societies will widen.\n# Education is a fundamental human right. It is the key to sustainable development and peace and stability within and among countries, and thus an indispensable means for effective participation in the societies and economies of the twenty-first century, which are affected by rapid globalization. Achieving EFA goals should be postponed no longer. The basic learning needs of all can and must be met as a matter of urgency.\n# We hereby collectively commit ourselves to the attainment of the following goals:\n## expanding and improving comprehensive early childhood care and education, especially for the most vulnerable and disadvantaged children;\n## ensuring that by 2015 all children, particularly girls, children in difficult circumstances and those belonging to ethnic minorities, have access to and complete free and compulsory primary education of good quality;\n## ensuring that the learning needs of all young people and adults are met through equitable access to appropriate learning and life skills programmes;\n## achieving a 50 per cent improvement in levels of adult literacy by 2015, especially for women, and equitable access to basic and continuing education for all adults;\n## eliminating gender disparities in primary and secondary education by 2005, and achieving gender equality in education by 2015, with a focus on ensuring girls' full and equal access to and achievement in basic education of good quality;\n## improving all aspects of the quality of education and ensuring excellence of all so that recognized and measurable learning outcomes are achieved by all, especially in literacy, numeracy and essential life skills.\n# To achieve these goals, we the governments, organizations, agencies, groups and associations represented at the World Education Forum pledge ourselves to:\n## mobilize strong national and international political commitment for education for all, develop national action plans and enhance significantly investment in basic education;\n## promote EFA policies within a sustainable and well-integrated sector framework clearly linked to poverty elimination and development strategies;\n## ensure the engagement and participation of civil society in the formulation, implementation and monitoring of strategies for educational development;\n## develop responsive, participatory and accountable systems of educational governance and management;\n## meet the needs of education systems affected by conflict, national calamities and instability and conduct educational programmes in ways that promote mutual understanding, peace and tolerance, and help to prevent violence and conflict;\n## implement integrated strategies for gender equality in education which recognize the need for changes in attitudes, values and practices;\n## implement as a matter of urgency education programmes and actions to combat the HIV/AIDS pandemic;\n## create safe, healthy, inclusive and equitably resourced educational environments conducive to excellence in learning with clearly defined levels of achievement for all;\n## enhance the status, morale and professionalism of teachers;\n## harness new information and communication technologies to help achieve EFA goals;\n## systematically monitor progress towards EFA goals and strategies at the national, regional and international levels; and\n## build on existing mechanisms to accelerate progress towards education for all.\n# Drawing on the evidence accumulated during the national and regional EFA assessments, and building on existing national sector strategies, all States will be requested to develop or strengthen existing national plans of action by 2002 at the latest. These plans should be integrated into a wider poverty reduction and development framework, and should be developed through more transparent and democratic processes, involving stakeholders, especially peoples' representatives, community leaders, parents, learners, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and civil society. The plans will address problems associated with the chronic under-financing of basic education by establishing budget priorities that reflect a commitment to achieving EFA goals and targets at the earliest possible date, and no later than 2015. They will also set out clear strategies for overcoming the special problems facing those currently excluded from educational opportunities, with a clear commitment to girls' education and gender equity. The plans will give substance and form to the goals and strategies set out in this Framework, and to the commitments made during a succession of international conferences in the 1990s. Regional activities to support national strategies will be based on strengthened regional and subregional organizations, networks and initiatives.\n# Political will and stronger national leadership are needed for the effective and successful implementation of national plans in each of the countries concerned. However, political will must be underpinned by resources. The international community acknowledges that many countries currently lack the resources to achieve education for all within an acceptable time-frame. New financial resources, preferably in the form of grants and concessional assistance, must therefore be mobilized by bilateral and multilateral funding agencies, including the World Bank and regional development banks, and the private sector. We affirm that no countries seriously committed to education for all will be thwarted in their achievement of this goal by a lack of resources.\n# The international community will deliver on this collective commitment by launching with immediate effect a global initiative aimed at developing the strategies and mobilizing the resources needed to provide effective support to national efforts. Options to be considered under this initiative will include:\n## increasing external finance for education, in particular basic education;\n## ensuring greater predictability in the flow of external assistance;\n## facilitating more effective donor coordination;\n## strengthening sector-wide approaches;\n## providing earlier, more extensive and broader debt relief and/or debt cancellation for poverty reduction, with a strong commitment to basic education; and\n## undertaking more effective and regular monitoring of progress towards EFA goals and targets, including periodic assessments.\n# There is already evidence from many countries of what can be achieved through strong national strategies supported by effective development cooperation. Progress under these strategies could - and must - be accelerated through increased international support. At the same time, countries with less developed strategies - including countries in transition, countries affected by conflict, and post-crisis countries - must be given the support they need to achieve more rapid progress towards education for all.\n# We will strengthen accountable international and regional mechanisms to give clear expression to these commitments and to ensure that the Dakar Framework for Action is on the agenda of every international and regional organization, every national legislature and every local decision-making forum.\n# The EFA 2000 Assessment highlights that the challenge of education for all is greatest in sub-Saharan Africa, in South Asia, and in the least developed countries. Accordingly, while no country in need should be denied international assistance, priority should be given to these regions and countries. Countries in conflict or undergoing reconstruction should also be given special attention in building up their education systems to meet the needs of all learners.\n# Implementation of the preceding goals and strategies will require national, regional and international mechanisms to be galvanized immediately. To be most effective these mechanisms will be participatory and, wherever possible, build on what already exists. They will include representatives of all stakeholders and partners and they will operate in transparent and accountable ways. They will respond comprehensively to the word and spirit of the Jomtien Declaration and this Dakar Framework for Action. The functions of these mechanisms will include, to varying degrees, advocacy, resource mobilization, monitoring, and EFA knowledge generation and sharing.\n# The heart of EFA activity lies at the country level. National EFA Forums will be strengthened or established to support the achievement of EFA. All relevant ministries and national civil society organizations will be systematically represented in these Forums. They should be transparent and democratic and should constitute a framework for implementation at subnational levels. Countries will prepare comprehensive National EFA Plans by 2002 at the latest. For those countries with significant challenges, such as complex crises or natural disasters, special technical support will be provided by the international community. Each National EFA Plan will:\n## be developed by government leadership in direct and systematic consultation with national civil society;\n## attract co-ordinated support of all development partners;\n## specify reforms addressing the six EFA goals;\n## establish a sustainable financial framework;\n## be time-bound and action-oriented;\n## include mid-term performance indicators; and\n## achieve a synergy of all human development efforts, through its inclusion within the national development planning framework and process.\n# Where these processes and a credible plan are in place, partner members of the international community undertake to work in a consistent, co-ordinated and coherent manner. Each partner will contribute according to its comparative advantage in support of the National EFA Plans to ensure that resource gaps are filled.\n# Regional activities to support national efforts will be based on existing regional and subregional organizations, networks and initiatives, augmented where necessary. Regions and subregions will decide on a lead EFA network that will become the Regional or Subregional Forum with an explicit EFA mandate. Systematic involvement of, and co-ordination with, all relevant civil society and other regional and subregional organizations are essential. These Regional and Subregional EFA Forums will be linked organically with, and be accountable to, National EFA Forums. Their functions will be: co-ordination with all relevant networks; setting and monitoring regional/subregional targets; advocacy; policy dialogue; the promotion of partnerships and technical cooperation; the sharing of best practices and lessons learned; monitoring and reporting for accountability; and promoting resource mobilization. Regional and international support will be available to strengthen Regional and Subregional Forums and relevant EFA capacities, especially within Africa and South Asia.\n# UNESCO will continue its mandated role in co-ordinating EFA partners and maintaining their collaborative momentum. In line with this, UNESCO's Director-General will convene annually a high-level, small and flexible group. It will serve as a lever for political commitment and technical and financial resource mobilization. Informed by a monitoring report from the UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP), the UNESCO International Bureau of Education (IBE), the UNESCO Institute for Education (UIE) and, in particular, the UNESCO Institute of Statistics, and inputs from Regional and Subregional EFA Forums, it will also be an opportunity to hold the global community to account for commitments made in Dakar. It will be composed of highest-level leaders from governments and civil society of developing and developed countries, and from development agencies.\n# UNESCO will serve as the Secretariat. It will refocus its education programme in order to place the outcomes and priorities of Dakar at the heart of its work. This will involve working groups on each of the six goals adopted at Dakar. This Secretariat will work closely with other organizations and may include staff seconded from them.\n# Achieving Education for All will require additional financial support by countries and increased development assistance and debt relief for education by bilateral and multilateral donors, estimated to cost in the order of $8 billion a year. It is therefore essential that new, concrete financial commitments be made by national governments and also by bilateral and multilateral donors including the World Bank and the regional development banks, by civil society and by foundations.\n//28 April 2000 Dakar, Senegal//\n!!![[Expanded Commentary on the Dakar Framework for Action|http://www.un-documents.net/dakar-ec.htm]]\n

Daphne Cohen received han Ed.D. from Yeshiva University in New York in Administration and Supervision in 2006 , having conducted doctoral research on children’s views on basic concepts in morality. Building upon the work of Piaget, Kohlberg, Vygotsky, and Gilligan, Daphne was awarded a Schupf Foundation Fellowship that funded her doctoral research - undertaken with students at the United Nations International School.\n\nIn addition to pursuing her post-graduate education, Daphne is a Professor at the Graduate School of General and Special Education at Touro College. Professor Cohen teaches a variety of methods courses at Touro integrating technology into various disciplines such as math and science for elementary and middle school teachers. Dr. Cohen also teaches courses for CITE (Center for Integrated Teacher Education) and has taught educational technology and library programs in a variety of day schools. In addition, Professor Cohen has taught online courses for Axia College of the University of Phoenix and Touro College. Daphne is facilitating online courses in the areas of Educational methods integrating technology, math and science for elementary school teachers and critical thinking.\n\nA strong proponent of ongoing professional development with an overriding belief in the importance of utilizing the latest educational resources and technology to meet students’ needs and maintain a challenging, stimulating academic environment, Daphne spearheaded the development of a broad range of educational technology training workshops for school’s, serving as an invaluable resource to assist educators in integrating leading-edge technologies into the core curriculum. She created a comprehensive resource manual encapsulating educational software for early childhood through high school students.\n\nSince 1996, Daphne has developed educational programming and curriculum, established library media centers for educational organizations, and published educational materials. A key highlight in Daphne’s career was the publication of her coauthored work In Search of the Seven Wonders of Noah, a children’s book exploring moral and character education, and a companion educator’s resource guide. Daphne has developed and continues to deliver both teacher and student workshops delving into these publications.\n\nAn enthusiastic and dedicated educator committed to developing responsible, caring, and productive contributors to society, Daphne has a long track record of developing educational curriculum that sparks students’ curiosity, creativity, and critical thinking skills and encourages a life-long love of learning.\n\nPrior to pursuing her doctoral studies, Daphne obtained a Master of Science in Education from Yeshiva University and a Bachelor of Science\nin Elementary Education from Touro College in New York. She holds an Elementary and Early Childhood Education Certification through the\nState of New York as well as a Principal and Teacher’s License from the National Board of License for Teachers and Principals of Private\nSchools in North America. Finally, Dr. Cohen spent a year studying at Jerusalem College in Israel.\n\nDr. Cohen serves as treasurer of the NGO Committee on Education. Dr. Cohen is also a member of the Ethical Union, CEP {Character Education Partnership), AME {Association for Moral Education}, and the APA {American Psychological Association}.

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The contents of this TiddlyWiki web page were generated from a ''~DataPerfect'' database. ~DataPerfect is a little-known, brilliant relational database compantion of the legendary ''~WordPerfect for DOS'', which was used to prepare the text from the pdf files of The Stern Review for input into the ~DataPerfect database. The design of ~DataPerfect makes it an exceptional vehicle for generating content for TiddlyWiki web pages. \n\n~DataPerfect was written, and is still maintained by, ''Lew Bastian'' - older brother of ~WordPerfect's author; before joinging the ''~WordPerfect Corporation'', Lew had worked for ''IBM'', where he had written some of the early disk-caching patents. The development of ~DataPerfect was discontinued by the ''~WordPerfect Corporation'' after the introduction of Windows, and subsequently, Novell made the program freely available; an active ''~DataPerfect Users Group'' - [[www.dataperfect.nl|http://www.dataperfect.nl]] - of which Lew Bastian is a leading member - provides exceptional support.

<<<\nAdopted at the ''World Conference of the International Women's Year'' Mexico City, Mexico. 19 June-2 July 1975\n<<<\n//The World Conference of the International Women's Year//,\n\n//Recognizing// that women of the entire world, whatever differences exist between them, share the painful experience of receiving or having received unequal treatment, and that as their awareness of this phenomenon increases they will become natural allies in the struggle against any form of oppression, such as is practiced under colonialism, neo-colonialism, zionism, racial discrimination and apartheid, thereby constituting an enormous revolutionary potential for economic and social change in the world today,\n\n//Recognizing// also the urgency of improving the status of women and finding more effective methods and strategies which will enable them to have the same opportunities as men to participate actively in the development of their countries and to contribute to the attainment of world peace,\n\n//Convinced// that women must play an important role in the promotion, achievement and maintenance of international peace, and that it is necessary to encourage their efforts towards peace, through their full participation in the national and international organizations that exist for this purpose,\n\nWomen have a vital role to play in the promotion of peace in all spheres of life: in the family, the community, the nations and the world. As such, women must participate equally with men in the decision-making processes which help to promote peace at all levels.\n\nWomen as well as men should promote real, general and complete disarmament under effective international control, starting with nuclear disarmament. Until genuine disarmament is achieved, women and men throughout the world must maintain their vigilance and do their utmost to achieve and maintain international peace.\n!!!Plans of Action\nThe primary objective of development being to bring about sustained improvement in the well-being of the individual and of society and to bestow benefits on all, development should be seen not only as a desirable goal in itself but also as the most important means for furthering equality of the sexes and the maintenance of peace. \n* An essential condition for the maintenance and strengthening of international co-operation and peace is the promotion and protection of human rights for all in conditions of equity among and within nations. In order to involve more women in the promotion of international co-operation, the development of friendly relations among nations, the strengthening of international peace and disarmamentæthe peace efforts of women as individuals and in groups, and in national and international organizations should be recognized and encouraged.\n* Women should have equal opportunity with men to represent their countries in all international forums where the above questions are discussed, and in particular at meetings of the organization of the United Nations system, including the Security Council and all conferences on disarmament and international peace, and other regional bodies.

The ''Intergovernmental Conference on Environmental Education'', organized by Unesco in co-operation with UNEP, convened in the City of Tbilisi reflecting the harmony and consensus achieved there, solemnly adopts the following Declaration.\n<<<\nIn the last few decades, man has, through his power to transform his environment, wrought accelerated changes in the balance of nature. The result is frequent exposure of living species to dangers which may prove irreversible.\n\nThe [[Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment]] organized in Stockholm in 1972 proclaimed: "to defend and improve the environment for present and future generations has become an imperative goal for mankind". This undertaking urgently calls for new strategies, incorporated into development, which particularly in the developing countries is a prerequisite for any such improvement. Solidarity and equity in the relations between nations should constitute the basis of a new international order, and bring together, as soon as possible, all available resources. Education utilizing the findings of science and technology should play a leading role in creating an awareness and a better understanding of environmental problems. It must foster positive patterns of conduct towards the environment and the nations' use of their resources.\n\nEnvironmental education should be provided for all ages, at all levels and in both formal and non-formal education. The mass media have a great responsibility to make their immense resources available for this educational mission. Environmental specialists as well as those whose actions and decisions can have a marked effect on the environment, should be provided in the course of their training with the necessary knowledge and skills and be given a full sense of their responsibilities in this respect.\n\nEnvironmental education, properly understood, should constitute a comprehensive lifelong education, one responsive to changes in a rapidly changing world. It should prepare the individual for life through an understanding of the major problems of the contemporary world, and the provision of skills and attributes needed to play a productive role towards improving life and protecting the environment with due regard given to ethical values. By adopting a holistic approach, rooted in a broad interdisciplinary base, it recreates an overall perspective which acknowledges the fact that natural environment and man-made environment are profoundly interdependent. It helps reveal the enduring continuity which links the acts of today to the consequences for tomorrow. It demonstrates the interdependencies among national communities and the need for solidarity among all mankind.\n\nEnvironmental education must look outward to the community. It should involve the individual in an active problem-solving process within the context of specific realities, and it should encourage initiative, a sense of responsibility and commitment to build a better tomorrow. By its very nature, environmental education can make a powerful contribution to the renovation of the educational process.\n\nIn order to achieve these goals, environmental education requires a number of specific actions to fill the gaps that, despite outstanding endeavours, continue to exist in our present education systems.\n\nAccordingly, the Tbilisi Conference:\n\n//Appeals// to Member States to include in their educational policies measures designed to introduce environmental concerns, activities and contents into their education systems, on the basis of the above objectives and characteristics;\n\n//Invites// educational authorities to promote and intensify thinking, research and innovation in regard to environmental education;\n\n//Urges// Member States to collaborate in this field, in particular by exchanging experiences, research findings, documentation and materials and by making their training facilities widely available to teachers and specialists from other countries; and\n\n//Appeals//, lastly, to the international community to give generously of its aid in order to strengthen this collaboration in a field which symbolizes the need for solidarity of all peoples and may be regarded as particularly conducive to the promotion of international understanding and to the cause of peace.\n<<<\n----\n\n[[Recommendations of the Tbilisi Intergovernmental Conference on Environmental Education]]

\n\nThe United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, having met at Stockholm from 5 to 16 June 1972, having considered the need for a common outlook and for common principles to inspire and guide the peoples of the world in the preservation and enhancement of the human environment,\n\nProclaims that:\n\n1. Man is both creature and moulder of his environment, which gives him physical sustenance and affords him the opportunity for intellectual, moral, social and spiritual growth. In the long and tortuous evolution of the human race on this planet a stage has been reached when, through the rapid acceleration of science and technology, man has acquired the power to transform his environment in countless ways and on an unprecedented scale. Both aspects of man's environment, the natural and the man-made, are essential to his well-being and to the enjoyment of basic human rights the right to life itself.\n\n2. The protection and improvement of the human environment is a major issue which affects the well-being of peoples and economic development throughout the world; it is the urgent desire of the peoples of the whole world and the duty of all Governments.\n\n3. Man has constantly to sum up experience and go on discovering, inventing, creating and advancing. In our time, man's capability to transform his surroundings, if used wisely, can bring to all peoples the benefits of development and the opportunity to enhance the quality of life. Wrongly or heedlessly applied, the same power can do incalculable harm to human beings and the human environment. We see around us growing evidence of man-made harm in many regions of the earth: dangerous levels of pollution in water, air, earth and living beings; major and undesirable disturbances to the ecological balance of the biosphere; destruction and depletion of irreplaceable resources; and gross deficiencies, harmful to the physical, mental and social health of man, in the man-made environment, particularly in the living and working environment.\n\n4. In the developing countries most of the environmental problems are caused by under-development. Millions continue to live far below the minimum levels required for a decent human existence, deprived of adequate food and clothing, shelter and education, health and sanitation. Therefore, the developing countries must direct their efforts to development, bearing in mind their priorities and the need to safeguard and improve the environment. For the same purpose, the industrialized countries should make efforts to reduce the gap themselves and the developing countries. In the industrialized countries, environmental problems are generally related to industrialization and technological development.\n\n5. The natural growth of population continuously presents problems for the preservation of the environment, and adequate policies and measures should be adopted, as appropriate, to face these problems. Of all things in the world, people are the most precious. It is the people that propel social progress, create social wealth, develop science and technology and, through their hard work, continuously transform the human environment. Along with social progress and the advance of production, science and technology, the capability of man to improve the environment increases with each passing day.\n\n6. A point has been reached in history when we must shape our actions throughout the world with a more prudent care for their environmental consequences. Through ignorance or indifference we can do massive and irreversible harm to the earthly environment on which our life and well being depend. Conversely, through fuller knowledge and wiser action, we can achieve for ourselves and our posterity a better life in an environment more in keeping with human needs and hopes. There are broad vistas for the enhancement of environmental quality and the creation of a good life. What is needed is an enthusiastic but calm state of mind and intense but orderly work. For the purpose of attaining freedom in the world of nature, man must use knowledge to build, in collaboration with nature, a better environment. To defend and improve the human environment for present and future generations has become an imperative goal for mankind-a goal to be pursued together with, and in harmony with, the established and fundamental goals of peace and of worldwide economic and social development.\n\n7. To achieve this environmental goal will demand the acceptance of responsibility by citizens and communities and by enterprises and institutions at every level, all sharing equitably in common efforts. Individuals in all walks of life as well as organizations in many fields, by their values and the sum of their actions, will shape the world environment of the future.\n\nLocal and national governments will bear the greatest burden for large-scale environmental policy and action within their jurisdictions. International cooperation is also needed in order to raise resources to support the developing countries in carrying out their responsibilities in this field. A growing class of environmental problems, because they are regional or global in extent or because they affect the common international realm, will require extensive cooperation among nations and action by international organizations in the common interest.\n\nThe Conference calls upon Governments and peoples to exert common efforts for the preservation and improvement of the human environment, for the benefit of all the people and for their posterity.\n\n''Principles''\n\nStates the common conviction that:\n\n''Principle 1''\n\nMan has the fundamental right to freedom, equality and adequate conditions of life, in an environment of a quality that permits a life of dignity and well-being, and he bears a solemn responsibility to protect and improve the environment for present and future generations. In this respect, policies promoting or perpetuating apartheid, racial segregation, discrimination, colonial and other forms of oppression and foreign domination stand condemned and must be eliminated.\n\n''Principle 2''\n\nThe natural resources of the earth, including the air, water, land, flora and fauna and especially representative samples of natural ecosystems, must be safeguarded for the benefit of present and future generations through careful planning or management, as appropriate.\n\n''Principle 3''\n\nThe capacity of the earth to produce vital renewable resources must be maintained and, wherever practicable, restored or improved.\n\n''Principle 4''\n\nMan has a special responsibility to safeguard and wisely manage the heritage of wildlife and its habitat, which are now gravely imperilled by a combination of adverse factors. Nature conservation, including wildlife, must therefore receive importance in planning for economic development.\n\n''Principle 5''\n\nThe non-renewable resources of the earth must be employed in such a way as to guard against the danger of their future exhaustion and to ensure that benefits from such employment are shared by all mankind.\n\n''Principle 6''\n\nThe discharge of toxic substances or of other substances and the release of heat, in such quantities or concentrations as to exceed the capacity of the environment to render them harmless, must be halted in order to ensure that serious or irreversible damage is not inflicted upon ecosystems. The just struggle of the peoples of ill countries against pollution should be supported.\n\n''Principle 7''\n\nStates shall take all possible steps to prevent pollution of the seas by substances that are liable to create hazards to human health, to harm living resources and marine life, to damage amenities or to interfere with other legitimate uses of the sea.\n\n''Principle 8''\n\nEconomic and social development is essential for ensuring a favorable living and working environment for man and for creating conditions on earth that are necessary for the improvement of the quality of life.\n\n''Principle 9''\n\nEnvironmental deficiencies generated by the conditions of under-development and natural disasters pose grave problems and can best be remedied by accelerated development through the transfer of substantial quantities of financial and technological assistance as a supplement to the domestic effort of the developing countries and such timely assistance as may be required.\n\n''Principle 10''\n\nFor the developing countries, stability of prices and adequate earnings for primary commodities and raw materials are essential to environmental management, since economic factors as well as ecological processes must be taken into account.\n\n''Principle 11''\n\nThe environmental policies of all States should enhance and not adversely affect the present or future development potential of developing countries, nor should they hamper the attainment\n\nof better living conditions for all, and appropriate steps should be taken by States and international organizations with a view to reaching agreement on meeting the possible national and international economic consequences resulting from the application of environmental measures.\n\n''Principle 12''\n\nResources should be made available to preserve and improve the environment, taking into account the circumstances and particular requirements of developing countries and any costs which may emanate- from their incorporating environmental safeguards into their development planning and the need for making available to them, upon their request, additional international technical and financial assistance for this purpose.\n\n''Principle 13''\n\nIn order to achieve a more rational management of resources and thus to improve the environment, States should adopt an integrated and coordinated approach to their development planning so as to ensure that development is compatible with the need to protect and improve environment for the benefit of their population.\n\n''Principle 14''\n\nRational planning constitutes an essential tool for reconciling any conflict between the needs of development and the need to protect and improve the environment.\n\n''Principle 15''\n\nPlanning must be applied to human settlements and urbanization with a view to avoiding adverse effects on the environment and obtaining maximum social, economic and environmental benefits for all. In this respect projects which arc designed for colonialist and racist domination must be abandoned.\n\n''Principle 16''\n\nDemographic policies which are without prejudice to basic human rights and which are deemed appropriate by Governments concerned should be applied in those regions where the rate of population growth or excessive population concentrations are likely to have adverse effects on the environment of the human environment and impede development.\n\n''Principle 17''\n\nAppropriate national institutions must be entrusted with the task of planning, managing or controlling the 9 environmental resources of States with a view to enhancing environmental quality.\n\n''Principle 18''\n\nScience and technology, as part of their contribution to economic and social development, must be applied to the identification, avoidance and control of environmental risks and the solution of environmental problems and for the common good of mankind.\n\n''Principle 19''\n\nEducation in environmental matters, for the younger generation as well as adults, giving due consideration to the underprivileged, is essential in order to broaden the basis for an enlightened opinion and responsible conduct by individuals, enterprises and communities in protecting and improving the environment in its full human dimension. It is also essential that mass media of communications avoid contributing to the deterioration of the environment, but, on the contrary, disseminates information of an educational nature on the need to project and improve the environment in order to enable mal to develop in every respect.\n\n''Principle 20''\n\nScientific research and development in the context of environmental problems, both national and multinational, must be promoted in all countries, especially the developing countries. In this connection, the free flow of up-to-date scientific information and transfer of experience must be supported and assisted, to facilitate the solution of environmental problems; environmental technologies should be made available to developing countries on terms which would encourage their wide dissemination without constituting an economic burden on the developing countries.\n\n''Principle 21''\n\nStates have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.\n\n''Principle 22''\n\nStates shall cooperate to develop further the international law regarding liability and compensation for the victims of pollution and other environmental damage caused by activities within the jurisdiction or control of such States to areas beyond their jurisdiction.\n\n''Principle 23''\n\nWithout prejudice to such criteria as may be agreed upon by the international community, or to standards which will have to be determined nationally, it will be essential in all cases to consider the systems of values prevailing in each country, and the extent of the applicability of standards which are valid for the most advanced countries but which may be inappropriate and of unwarranted social cost for the developing countries.\n\n''Principle 24''\n\nInternational matters concerning the protection and improvement of the environment should be handled in a cooperative spirit by all countries, big and small, on an equal footing. Cooperation through multilateral or bilateral arrangements or other appropriate means is essential to effectively control, prevent, reduce and eliminate adverse environmental effects resulting from activities conducted in all spheres, in such a way that due account is taken of the sovereignty and interests of all States.\n\n''Principle 25''\n\nStates shall ensure that international organizations play a coordinated, efficient and dynamic role for the protection and improvement of the environment.\n\n''Principle 26''\n\nMan and his environment must be spared the effects of nuclear weapons and all other means of mass destruction. States must strive to reach prompt agreement, in the relevant international organs, on the elimination and complete destruction of such weapons.

<<<\nWomen's Environment and Development Organization (WEDO)\nCouncil of Women World Leaders (CWWL)\nHeinrich Böll Foundation\n> //The following recommendations in the area of climate change and gender equality were developed on the occasion of the UN Secretary General's [[High-Level Climate Change Event|High-Level Event on Climate Change, September 24, 2007]] and the ~High-Level Roundtable "How a Changing Climate Impacts Women" organized by the partners above.^^/1^^//\n>> //September 2007//\n<<<\n* The UN ~Secretary-General and governments should send a strong message to this year's UNFCCC COP-13 in Bali that gender equality is to be integrated as a crosscutting issue in the negotiations and debates and that women's equal participation must be ensured. Governments should draw on the innumerable global agreements that relate directly or indirectly to gender equality and climate change^^/2^^, as well as gender expertise within the UN system and at the national level.\n* Given that women's knowledge and participation has been critical to the survival of entire communities in disaster situations, governments should take advantage of women's specialized skills in various aspects of their livelihood and natural resource management strategies that lend themselves to mitigation and adaptation.\n* Since climate change disproportionately affects poor women, governments should analyze and identify gender-specific impacts and protection measures related to floods, droughts, heat waves, diseases, and other environmental changes and disasters. The global community should prioritize reducing the high levels of female mortality rates resulting from climate-induced disasters and livelihood changes.\n* Given the vulnerability of the poor, and particularly women, to climate change, adequate funds must be allocated by Annex I countries to help these groups adapt to the impacts.\n* Practical tools should be developed that allow governments and institutions to incorporate gender equality in climate change initiatives.\n* Governments at national and local levels should develop strategies to enhance women's access to and control over natural resources, in order to reduce poverty, protect environmental resources, and ensure that women and poor communities can better cope with climate change.\n* Governments and institutions should enhance opportunities for education and training in climate change mitigation and adaptation. Capacity building and technology transfer measures should draw on priorities put forward by women and poor communities.\n* Women's participation in climate change related debates and planning must be enhanced by tools and procedures that augment their capacity and sensitize decision- makers to the advantages of equal participation.\n* The UNFCCC should develop a gender strategy, invest in gender-specific climate change research, and establish a system for the use of gender-sensitive indicators and criteria for governments to use in national reporting to the UNFCCC Secretariat, adaptation planning, or projects under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).\n* Market-based approaches to curbing climate change, such as the Clean Development Mechanism, should be made accessible to both women and men and ensure equitable benefits, considering that women and men do not have equal access to natural resources such as water and energy, land titles, credit, or information. In particular, the CDM should fund projects that make renewable energy technologies more available to women and meet their household needs.\n* The gendered impacts of biofuels and nuclear energy as a solution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions should be assessed, in cooperation with gender experts and women's organizations.\n* Since the UNFCCC emerged from UNCED, which outlines nine major groups that are essential to sustainable development, women and all major groups should be included as official focal points in the UNFCCC.\n\n1/ These recommendations also draw on policy recommendations developed by the UNFCCC women's caucus and the CSD Women's Major Group.\n\n2/ [[Chapter 24 of Agenda 21|Agenda 21, Chapter 24]] (UNCED 1992); [[Johannesburg Plan of Action|Johannesburg Plan of Implementation]] (WSSD 2002); Paragraph K of the [[Beijing Platform for Action]] (4th World Conference on Women 1995); World Conference on Human Rights (1993); International Conference on Population and Development (1994); World Summit for Social Development (1995); [[Millennium Declaration]] (2000); Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1979); [[Convention on Biodiversity|Convention on Biological Diversity]] (1992); Convention to Combat Desertification (1994); Ministerial Declaration of the 3rd World Water Forum (2003); Children's World Summit (1990); [[Second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements|Habitat II]] (1996); World Summit on Food (1996); [[Hyogo Framework for Action]] (UN World Conference on Disaster Reduction 2005)\n\nFor more information, contact: Rebecca Pearl, WEDO - rebecca@wedo.org or 212-973-0325 More information: www.wedo.org ([[sustainable development section|http://www.wedo.org/programs.aspx?mode=development]])\n\n[[Pdf version of the declaration|http://www.wedo.org/files/WEDO-CWWL%20declaration%20on%20climate%20change%20and%20gender%20equality.pdf]]

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A culture of peace is a set of values, attitudes, traditions and modes of behaviour and ways of life based on:\n# Respect for life, ending of violence and promotion and practice of non-violence through education, dialogue and cooperation;\n# Full respect for the principles of sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of States and non-intervention in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any State, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and international law;\n# Full respect for and promotion of all human rights and fundamental freedoms;\n# Commitment to peaceful settlement of conflicts;\n# Efforts to meet the developmental and environmental needs of present and future generations;\n# Respect for and promotion of the right to development;\n# Respect for and promotion of equal rights and opportunities for women and men;\n# Respect for and promotion of the right of everyone to freedom of expression, opinion and information;\n# Adherence to the principles of freedom, justice, democracy, tolerance, solidarity, cooperation, pluralism, cultural diversity, dialogue and understanding at all levels of society and among nations; and fostered by an enabling national and international environment conducive to peace.

The fuller development of a culture of peace is integrally linked to:\n# Promoting peaceful settlement of conflicts, mutual respect and understanding and international cooperation;\n# Complying with international obligations under the [[Charter of the United Nations]] and international law;\n# Promoting democracy, development and universal respect for and observance of all human rights and fundamental freedoms;\n# Enabling people at all levels to develop skills of dialogue, negotiation, consensus-building and peaceful resolution of differences;\n# Strengthening democratic institutions and ensuring full participation in the development process;\n# Eradicating poverty and illiteracy and reducing inequalities within and among nations;\n# Promoting sustainable economic and social development;\n# Eliminating all forms of discrimination against women through their empowerment and equal representation at all levels of decision-making;\n# Ensuring respect for and promotion and protection of the rights of children;\n# Ensuring free flow of information at all levels and enhancing access thereto;\n# Increasing transparency and accountability in governance;\n# Eliminating all forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance;\n# Advancing understanding, tolerance and solidarity among all civilizations, peoples and cultures, including towards ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities;\n# Realizing fully the right of all peoples, including those living under colonial or other forms of alien domination or foreign occupation, to self-determination enshrined in the [[Charter of the United Nations]] and embodied in the [[International Covenants on Human Rights]], as well as in the [[Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples]] contained in General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV) of 14 December 1960.

@@font-size:90%;''Note'': This is a "framed" page from the [[UN Documents Cooperation Circles|UN Documents Cooperation Circles: Gathering a Body of Global Agreements]] web site.\nYou can view this page in a separate browser tab or window at http://www.un-documents.net/a15r1514.htm@@\n<html><iframe\n title = "Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples"\n src = "http://www.un-documents.net/a15r1514.htm"\n style="\n background-color:#ffffff; \n border-color:#ffffff;\n border:none;"\n width = "100%"\n height = "1000"\n frameborder = "0"\n scrolling = "yes">\n</iframe></html>

@@font-size:90%;''Note'': This is a "framed" page from the web site of the ''The Avalon Project'' at ''Yale Law School''.\nYou can view this page in a separate browser tab or window at http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/dec99-02.htm@@\n<html><iframe\n title = "Declaration on the Use of Projectiles the Object of Which is the Diffusion of Asphyxiating or Deleterious Gases; July 29, 1899"\n src = "http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/dec99-02.htm"\n style="\n background-color:#ffffff; \n border-color:#ffffff;\n border:none;"\n width = "100%"\n height = "1000"\n frameborder = "0"\n scrolling = "yes">\n</iframe></html>

[[Welcome to The Peace Caucus web site]]\n[[Uranium Weapons: Contributing to a Dangerous World. October 2-3, 2007]]\n[[The Wild Cards in Climate Change: Weather Warfare, Geoengineering and ENMOD]]\n[[Recent Tiddlers]]

Diane Paravazian has had more than twenty years of experience in language and cross-cultural education and training both in academic and business settings. She has worked for the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and Pace University as the Director of the World Trade Institute Language Center. As Director of the Language Center, she has created innovative and customized language and culture programs for major corporations. As Director and Adjunct Professor of French at Pace University, with Pace University's Department of Modern Languages, she designed a new undergraduate major, and a related bridge program at Murry Bergtraum High School. Currently Ms. Paravazian is a Professor of French at St. John's University, is working on her Doctoral Dissertation in at New York University and serves on a number of boards, including the Business Advisory Board of Murry Bergtraum High School, and the American Association of Teachers of French, Metropolitan Chapter. She is Treasurer of the Société des Professeurs Français et Francophones d'Amérique, a foundation which offers grants to students studying French. Ms. Paravazian has received a number of academic fellowships and awards, including the French Government's "Chevalier des Palmes Académiques."\n\nAt the United Nations, Ms. Paravazian serves as UN Representative for the [[World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts]]; she had previously represented the [[Armenian Assembly of America]] since 2000. During this time she has been a member of the DPI/NGO Planning Committee, Media Co-Chair for the Conference, member of the NGO Committees on Sustainable Development and Human Rights, Secretary of the NGO Committee on Education . She is currently active as member at large on the NGO Committee on the Status of Women and Acting Co-Chair of the [[NGO Committee on Education]].

[>img[http://www.un.org/dpi/ngosection/conference/images/DicksonDespommier.jpg]]\n''Dickson Despommier'' is the Professor of Public Health and Microbiology in the Department of Environmental Health Sciences at the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University in New York. He is also the Director of the Vertical Farm Project, a new approach that envisions providing year round, fresh, organically raised, locally grown vegetables, fruits, fish, poultry, and pork products, all produced within the urban landscape in multi-story buildings. \n\nDr Despommier has been honoured many times at Columbia University as the “Teacher of the Year.” He has been awarded the Dean’s Distinguished Medal for Outstanding Teaching at Columbia’s medical school. He has also published over 70 peer-reviewed articles, numerous book chapters dealing with infectious diseases, and two books “Parasitic Diseases” (now in its 5th edition) and “West Nile Story”. \n\nDickson Despommier is a national of United States.\n\nFor a more in-depth view of his interests, please visit [[www.verticalfarm.com|http://www.verticalfarm.com]], [[www.trichinella.org|http://www.trichinella.org]] and [[www.medicalecology.org|www.medicalecology.org]] .

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/***\n|''Name:''|DisableWikiLinksPlugin|\n|''Source:''|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#DisableWikiLinksPlugin|\n|''Author:''|Eric Shulman - ELS Design Studios|\n|''License:''|[[Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 License|http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/]]|\n|''~CoreVersion:''|2.0.10|\n\nThis plugin allows you to disable TiddlyWiki's automatic WikiWord linking behavior, so that WikiWords embedded in tiddler content will be rendered as regular text, instead of being automatically converted to tiddler links. To create a tiddler link when automatic linking is disabled, you must enclose the link text within {{{[[...]]}}}.\n\nYou can also block automatic WikiWord linking behavior only for non-existing tiddler titles, while still automatically linking WikiWords that correspond to existing tiddlers titles or shadow tiddler titles.\n\nYou can also block specific selected WikiWords from being automatically linked by listing them in [[DisableWikiLinksList]], separated by whitespace. This tiddler is optional and, when present, causes the listed words to always be excluded, even if automatic linking of other WikiWords is being permitted. \n\nNote: WikiWords contained in default ''shadow'' tiddlers will be automatically linked unless you select an additional checkbox option lets you disable these automatic links as well, though this is not recommended, since it can make it more difficult to access some TiddlyWiki standard default content (such as AdvancedOptions or SideBarTabs)\n\n!!!!!Configuration\n<<<\nSelf-contained control panel:\n<<option chkDisableNonExistingWikiLinks>> Disable automatic WikiWord links for non-existing tiddlers\n<<option chkDisableWikiLinks>> Disable ALL automatic WikiWord tiddler links\n<<option chkAllowLinksFromShadowTiddlers>> ... except for WikiWords contained in shadow tiddlers\n<<<\n!!!!!Installation\n<<<\nimport (or copy/paste) the following tiddlers into your document:\n''DisableWikiLinksPlugin'' (tagged with <<tag systemConfig>>)\n<<<\n!!!!!Revision History\n<<<\n''2006.12.31 [1.4.0]'' in formatter, test for chkDisableNonExistingWikiLinks\n''2006.12.09 [1.3.0]'' in formatter, test for excluded wiki words specified in DisableWikiLinksList\n''2006.12.09 [1.2.2]'' fix logic in autoLinkWikiWords() (was allowing links TO shadow tiddlers, even when chkDisableWikiLinks is TRUE). \n''2006.12.09 [1.2.1]'' revised logic for handling links in shadow content\n''2006.12.08 [1.2.0]'' added hijack of Tiddler.prototype.autoLinkWikiWords so regular (non-bracketed) WikiWords won't be added to the missing list\n''2006.05.24 [1.1.0]'' added option to NOT bypass automatic wikiword links when displaying default shadow content (default is to auto-link shadow content)\n''2006.02.05 [1.0.1]'' wrapped wikifier hijack in init function to eliminate globals and avoid FireFox 1.5.0.1 crash bug when referencing globals\n''2005.12.09 [1.0.0]'' initial release\n<<<\n!!!!!Credits\n<<<\nThis feature was developed by EricShulman from [[ELS Design Studios|http:/www.elsdesign.com]]\n<<<\n!!!!!Code\n***/\n//{{{\nversion.extensions.disableWikiLinks= {major: 1, minor: 4, revision: 0, date: new Date(2006,12,31)};\n\nif (config.options.chkDisableNonExistingWikiLinks==undefined) config.options.chkDisableNonExistingWikiLinks= false;\nif (config.options.chkDisableWikiLinks==undefined) config.options.chkDisableWikiLinks= false;\nif (config.options.chkAllowLinksFromShadowTiddlers==undefined) config.options.chkAllowLinksFromShadowTiddlers=true;\n\n// find the formatter for wikiLink and replace handler with 'pass-thru' rendering\ninitDisableWikiLinksFormatter();\nfunction initDisableWikiLinksFormatter() {\n for (var i=0; i<config.formatters.length && config.formatters[i].name!="wikiLink"; i++);\n config.formatters[i].coreHandler=config.formatters[i].handler;\n config.formatters[i].handler=function(w) {\n // supress any leading "~" (if present)\n var skip=(w.matchText.substr(0,1)==config.textPrimitives.unWikiLink)?1:0;\n var title=w.matchText.substr(skip);\n var exists=store.tiddlerExists(title);\n var inShadow=w.tiddler && store.isShadowTiddler(w.tiddler.title);\n\n // check for specific excluded wiki words\n var t=store.getTiddlerText("DisableWikiLinksList")\n if (t && t.length && t.indexOf(w.matchText)!=-1)\n { w.outputText(w.output,w.matchStart+skip,w.nextMatch); return; }\n\n // if not disabling links from shadows (default setting)\n if (config.options.chkAllowLinksFromShadowTiddlers && inShadow)\n return this.coreHandler(w);\n\n // check for non-existing non-shadow tiddler\n if (config.options.chkDisableNonExistingWikiLinks && !exists)\n { w.outputText(w.output,w.matchStart+skip,w.nextMatch); return; }\n\n // if not enabled, just do standard WikiWord link formatting\n if (!config.options.chkDisableWikiLinks)\n return this.coreHandler(w);\n\n // just return text without linking\n w.outputText(w.output,w.matchStart+skip,w.nextMatch)\n }\n}\n\nTiddler.prototype.coreAutoLinkWikiWords = Tiddler.prototype.autoLinkWikiWords;\nTiddler.prototype.autoLinkWikiWords = function()\n{\n // DEBUG alert("processing: "+this.title);\n // if all automatic links are not disabled, just return results from core function\n if (!config.options.chkDisableWikiLinks)\n return this.coreAutoLinkWikiWords.apply(this,arguments);\n return false;\n}\n//}}}\n

Title: Title\nAuthor: Author\nDate: Date

You can begin to create your own ''Climate Change Summer'' by taking two simple steps:\n1. Save this page - either ''Right-click'' on the page and select ''Save Page As' or select "Save Page As" from the ''File Menu''\n> Select ''Web page - HTML only'' under ''Save as Type'' and give the file a name you will remember, and in an appropriate directory\n2. From your browser, open the file you have just saved\n> Now you can begin, by entering your ''username''\n

You are welcome to download this TiddlyWiki web site and to customize it for your own purposes. All you need to do is ''save this page'' - as a //Web page, HTML only// onto your local hard drive, or to a USB memory card. \n\nOnce you have downloaded the page, and opened the local copy of the web site, you will be able to explore the wonderful world of TiddlyWiki in far greater depth than is possible if you only navigate the page on a web site. Go to the [[Setup Menu]] that shows you how to take the simple steps to customize this web site and make it into an information habitat that you can then add on to, rebuild, re-organize - and share and exchange with others what we have collected and learned about the scope and dimensions of the climate change crisis - and how we are called to respond.\n\nThis site is part of an evolving network of sites and initiatives of [[Climate Change 2.0]] that is based on appreciation of the transformative characteristics of a knowledge-based universe and the remarkable evolution of software and related resources - from email and email groups/lists, web browsing and Google searches to blogs, wikis & tiddlywikis, streaming media and ~YouTube, increasingly inexpensive devices - from cell phones to Ipods, video cameras, often in a wireless environment - is transforming our ability to gather and organize information, to exchange it freely with friends and colleagues and to collaborate on anything from writing enhanced software to developing and facilitating a global framework for action to come to terms with the [[climate change crisis|Climate change crisis]]\n\n/%Wikis - wiki is a Hawaiian word the means swift or swiftly - have been playing a vital role in the evoling global commons, both by the \nwithin which there is a progressive emergence of free and open source software that serves as a vital foundation for an Earth community that recognizes knowledge as being at the heart of wealth, and in a networked information economy in which software, free software, playing a role in the digital economy that streeel mills did in the industrial revolution.%/

> Original at: http://www.bandepleteduranium.org/en/a/2.html\n27 September 2006 - [[ICBUW|International Coalition to Ban Uranium Weapons]]\n!!Draft Convention\n>Prepared by M. Mohr and A. Samsel\n!Draft Convention on the prohibition of the development, production, stockpiling, transfer and use of uranium weapons and on their destruction.\n!!Preamble\nThe States Parties to this Convention,\n<<<\n//Recalling// the principles of the Hague Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of war on land, the [[Geneva Conventions and its Additional Protocols|Geneva Conventions]] and especially the general principle of International Law on the protection of the civilian population against the effects of hostilities,\n\n//Emphasising// the principle that the right of the parties to an armed conflict to choose methods or means of warfare is not unlimited, and the principle that the employment in armed conflicts of weapons, projectiles, and material and methods of warfare of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering is forbidden by International Law,\n\n//With reference// to the prohibition of the use of poisonous weapons according to [[Article 23 par. 1 of the Hague Regulations|Laws and Customs of War on Land. Section II. On Hostlities. Chapter I. On means of injuring the Enemy, Sieges, and Bombardments]] and the rules of the Poison Gas Protocol and the prohibition of widespread damage to the natural environment and unjustified destruction according to the Hague Regulations and the [[First Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions|Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts]], as well as with reference to the principle of "humanitarian proportionality", which is contained in the [[St. Petersburg Declaration|St. Petersburg Declaration of 1868]],\n\n//Confirming// the resolutions of the ~Sub-Commission to the UN Commission on Human Rights (Res. 1996/16 and 1997/ 36), which state that the use of uranium ammunition is not in conformity with existing International and Human Rights Law,\n\n//Believing// that, based on the considerations and principles above, the use of uranium weapons is illegal,\n\n//Striving// to put an end to casualties and alleviate suffering, caused by the use of uranium ammunition in recent wars, that indifferently leads to diseases among all people being in the operational area, thus also innocent civilians, especially children, the consequences of which on the affected and their families need long term treatment,\n\n//Determined// to act, so that the use of uranium ammunition in military conflicts will not happen in future and further development, extension and perfection of uranium weaponry will be stopped,\n\n//Believing// it necessary to support those States, in which victims of uranium ammunition use live, through an efficient and co-ordinated co-operation on the international level with material assistance and the delegation of experts for the treatment of victims and their families, as well as to enable their social and economical rehabilitation,\n\n//Led by the will// to remove the late consequences of the uranium weapon use through marking and decontamination of the contaminated areas, as well as through protection and rehabilitation of victims,\n\n//Convinced// that a convention prohibiting the development, production, stockpiling, transfer and use of uranium weapons and providing for their destruction, is required to abolish these weapons from the Earth,\n<<<\nhave agreed as follows:\n!!Article 1 General obligations\n# Each State Party undertakes never under any circumstances:\n## to develop, produce, otherwise acquire, stockpile, retain or transfer, directly or indirectly, uranium ammunition, uranium armour-plate or other uranium weapons to anyone;\n## to use uranium ammunition, uranium armour-plate or other uranium weapons;\n## to assist, encourage or induce, in any way, anyone to engage in any activity prohibited to a State Party under this Convention;\n## to acquire or dispose pre-products for development and production of uranium weapons;\n## to use depleted uranium in any way for military purposes.\n# Each State Party undertakes to destroy or ensure the destruction of uranium ammunition, uranium armour-plate, other uranium weapons or the pre-products for development and production it owns or possesses, or that are located in any place under its jurisdiction or control as soon as possible, or latest 5 years after the Convention has become effective for the concerned State Party, in accordance with the provisions of that Convention.\n# Every State Party undertakes to destroy or ensure the destruction of any uranium ammunition, uranium armour-plate and other uranium weapon production facilities it owes or possesses, or that are located in any place under its jurisdiction or control as soon as possible, or latest 5 years after the Convention has become effective for the concerned State Party, in accordance with the provisions of that Convention.\n# Every State Party undertakes to transform depleted uranium, produced or left over during the destruction of uranium ammunition or of production establishments, into a stabile chemical compound and to store it in a safe final storage.\n# Every State Party provides a report on the fulfilment of the conventions' obligations and transmits it to the ~Secretary-General of the United Nations and the Uranium Weapons Centre.\n!!Article 2 Definitions\n# "Uranium ammunition" means munitions with uranium anchors which may, by reason of its high density and hardness, penetrate amour steel,\n# "Uranium armour-plate" means an armour, which contains depleted uranium to make the armour harder and resistant to be shot through,\n# "Uranium weapon" means a mechanism which serves to destroy or damage objects and uses depleted uranium in its mode of action,\n# "Contaminated area" or "contaminated waters" means an area or waters which have been contaminated by reason of the use of uranium ammunition,\n# "Decontamination" means the abolishment of the radiation effect as well as of other consequences which have been caused by the use of uranium weapons and have negative effects on the human health,\n# "Transfer" covers the physical take of uranium ammunition or uranium armour-plate to or from a state territory as well as the transfer of that title to uranium ammunition and to the control over uranium ammunition,\n# "~Pre-Product" means the chemical reaction component which is used at any stage during any type of production of uranium ammunition or uranium weaponry, especially the radioactive waste.\n# "Uranium ammunition production facility" means facilities in which uranium ammunition is being developed, produced or brought to perfection,\n!!Article 3 Exceptions\n<<<\nThe transfer of uranium ammunition or other uranium weapons for the purpose of its destruction is permitted, if a save final storage of the uranium in a chemical stabile compound is guaranteed. The civil using of depleted uranium is forbidden.\n<<<\n!!Article 4 Decontamination of uranium contaminated areas\n# Each State Party undertakes to decontaminate or to guarantee the decontamination of areas under its jurisdiction or control, which have been contaminated with depleted uranium by military force actions or any other reason as soon as possible, at latest five years after the entry into force of this Convention for that State Party. The decontamination of previously contaminated areas shall be regulated in an Additional Protocol to this Convention.\n# Each State Party endeavours to identify and mark all areas under its jurisdiction or control where uranium ammunition has been used notoriously or presumably, especially theatres of operation, military training grounds and scenes of accident.\n# Each State Party undertakes to warn people living in all areas under its jurisdiction or control where uranium ammunition has been used notoriously or presumably of the danger and to afford any support during times until absolute decontamination, especially to isolate the contaminated areas, to adopt precautionary measures through ABC teams, to inform the population and to conduct health examinations. The medical care of all previously injured shall be regulated in an Additional Protocol to this Convention.\n# As far as considerable danger exists for the health or life of civilians living in contaminated areas, the State Party shall endeavour to transfer civilians to other, not contaminated areas until the abolishment of the danger.\n# The information on contaminated areas, especially theatres of operation, military training grounds, scenes of accident shall be conveyed to the Uranium Weapons Centre.\n# If a State Party is not in a position to decontaminate or to guarantee the decontamination of all contaminated areas designated in par. 1 within the mentioned period, it may request the Meeting of the States Parties or the Review Conference for a prolongation of the period to terminate the decontamination up to ten years.\n# Each State Party shall report on the conducted decontamination of uranium contaminated areas under its jurisdiction or control every two years.\n!!Article 5 International co-operation and support\n# In fulfilling its obligations under this Convention each State Party has the right to seek and receive assistance, where feasible, from other States Parties to the extend possible.\n# Each State Party undertakes to facilitate the exchange of scientific and technological information concerning the implementation of this Convention and has the right to participate in the interchange.\n# Every State Party, which is in a position to this, shall provide help concerning welfare work, medical assistance and rehabilitation as well as social and economic reintegration of the victims of uranium weapons use. It shall support programmes with regard to the explanation of dangers of uranium weapons use. The support may be provided among other things, within the system of the United Nations, international, regional and national organisations or institutions, the International Committee of the Red Cross, National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and their International Federation, non-governmental organisations or on bilateral basis.\n# Every State Party, which is in a position to this, shall provide help on the decontamination of uranium contaminated areas and waters and other activities. This support may be provided, among other things, within the system of the United Nations, international, regional and national organisations or institutions, the International Committee of the Red Cross, National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and their International Federation, non-governmental organisations or on bilateral basis.\n# States Parties may request the United Nations, regional organisations, other States Parties or any other inter-governmental or non-governmental committees to support their authorities and national places of contact in the preparation of a domestic decontamination programme to lay down the following among other things:\n## extension and dimension of the problems caused by the use of uranium ammunition,\n## the required financial, technological and personal means for the fulfilment of the programme,\n## the forecasted time period necessary for the decontamination of the areas under jurisdiction or control of the concerned State Party,\n## support for the victims of uranium ammunitions use, especially their treatment and transfer to not contaminated areas,\n## the relationship between the government of the concerned State Party and the relevant governmental, inter-governmental and non-governmental institutions, that will be involved in the fulfilment of the programme.\n# Each State Party undertakes to facilitate to supply information and reports to the Uranium Weapons Centre and the Meeting of States Parties, especially about different methods and technologies of decontamination and lists of experts and expert agencies or national contact places.\n# All States Parties, which provide and receive support on basis of this Article , shall work together with regard to the securing of the entire and immediate fulfilment of the stipulated programmes.\n!!Article 6 Partnership\n# The assistance for the States Parties affected by use of uranium weapons, outlined in Article 5 may take place in the form of partnerships among States Parties.\n# The partnership model covers conception-planning, material and personal support of one State Party to another, which is especially affected by the use of uranium ammunition and not in position to fulfil the obligations of this Convention by its own efforts.\n!!Article 7 National implementation measures\n# Each State Party shall take all appropriate legal, administrative and other measures, including the imposition of penal sanctions, in order to fulfil its obligations under this Convention.\n# In particular, each State Party especially prohibits natural and legal persons anywhere on its territory or any other place under its jurisdiction to engage in any activity prohibited for a State Party under this Convention.\n# Each State Party shall co-operate with other States Parties and afford the appropriate form of legal assistance to facilitate the implementation of obligations under par. 1.\n!!Article 8 Assistance and protection against the use of uranium ammunition\n<<<\nIn case of use or the threat of use of uranium ammunition each State Party has the right to seek and receive assistance, help and protection against this use or threat of use.\n<<<\n!!Article 9 Meeting of States Parties\n# The States Parties shall meet regularly in order to consider any matter with regard to the application or implementation of this Convention, including\n## matters that arise from the reports, submitted on basis of this Convention,\n## the international co-operation according to Article 5 and 6,\n## decisions concerning submissions of the States Parties according to Article 4 par. 6,\n## revision of reports according to Article 1 par. 5, Article 4 par. 7 and Article 15 par. 9,\n## fulfilling the obligations according to Article 5 par. 8.\n# The first Meeting of States Parties shall be convened by the ~Secretary-General of the United Nations within one year after the entry into force of the Convention. The subsequent meetings shall be convened by the ~Secretary-General of the United Nations annually until the first Review Conference.\n# States not parties to this Convention, as well as the United Nations, other relevant international organisations or institutions, regional organisations, the Committee of the Red Cross and relevant non-governmental organisations may be invited to attend these meetings as observers in accordance with the agreed Rules of Procedure.\n!!Article 10 Review conferences\n# A Review Conference shall be convened by the ~Secretary-General of the United Nations four years after the entry into force of this Convention. Further Review Conferences shall be convened by the ~Secretary-General of the United Nations if so requested by one or more States Parties, provided that the interval between Review Conferences shall in no case be less than 3 years. All States Parties to this Convention shall be invited to each Review Conference.\n# The purpose of the Review Conference shall be:\n## to review the operation and status of this Convention,\n## to consider the need for and the interval between further Meetings of the States Parties referred to in Article 9,\n## discussion and decision of the organisational structure of the Convention and the establishment of new authorities,\n## to adopt, if necessary, in its final report conclusions related to the implementation of this Convention.\n# States not party to this Convention, as well as the United Nations, other relevant international organisations or institutions, regional organisations, the International Committee of the Red Cross and relevant non-governmental organisations may be invited to attend each Review Conference as observers in accordance with the agreed Rules of Procedure.\n!!Article 11 The Uranium Weapons Centre\n# The Uranium Weapons Centre shall be called into being at the first Meeting of States Parties. The Centre shall be established within the United Nations system.\n# The Centre shall provide a data base with unrestrictedly accessible information, which shall be supplied by the States Parties 90 days after its establishment at the latest and shall maintain the data base for the use by each requesting State Party.\n# In agreement with the ~Secretary-General of the United Nations the Centre shall provide and update a list of qualified experts, which shall offer advises for the Centre or a State Party if required. The ~Secretary-General of the United Nations appoints members of the fact-finding mission under Article 14 out of the list of experts. The list which contains names, nationality and other suitable data of the experts participating in the fact-finding mission shall be conveyed to all States Parties.\n# In the frame of disposable funds and after consultation of the fund administrator the Centre orders expertises on the request of a State Party about the allocation of funds and helps the State Party to implement its programmes.\n!!Article 12 Funds\n# A voluntary fund shall be established at the first Meeting of the States Parties. The ~Secretary-General of the United Nations shall administrate the fund.\n# The purpose of the fund is to finance expertises about the use of uranium weapons as well as about the dimension of the damage. Programmes for decontamination of uranium contaminated areas shall be financed by means of the disposable funds.\n# Each State Party shall announce the amount of its voluntary contribution at the first Meeting of States Parties.\n!!Article 13 Clarification of questions\n# If one or more States Parties wish to clarify and seek to resolve questions relating to the compliance with the provisions of this Convention by another State Party, it may submit, through the ~Secretary-General of the United Nations, a Request for Clarification of that matter to that State Party. Such a request shall be accompanied by all appropriate information. A State Party that receives a Request for Clarification shall provide, through the ~Secretary-General of the United Nations, within 4 weeks to the requesting State Party all information which would assist in clarifying this matter.\n# If the requesting State Party does not receive a response through the ~Secretary-General of the United Nations within that time period, or deems the response to the Request for Clarification to be unsatisfactory, it may submit the matter through the ~Secretary-General of the United Nations to the next Meeting of States Parties. The ~Secretary-General of the United Nations shall transmit the submission, accompanied by all appropriate information pertaining to the Request of Clarification, to all States Parties. All such information shall be presented to the requested State Party which shall have the right to respond.\n# Between the Meetings of States Parties, any of the States Parties concerned may request the ~Secretary-General of the United Nations to exercise its good offices to facilitate the clarification requested.\n!!Article 14 Fact-finding mission\n# If clarification of a matter is impossible at the Meeting of States Parties, the Meeting of States Parties shall authorise a fact-finding mission and decide on its mandate by a majority of States Parties voting.\n# The requested State Party has the obligation to provide access for the entry of the fact-finding mission to their territory or any other place under its jurisdiction or control.\n# The mission is composed of 9 appointed and authorised experts. The ~Secretary-General of the United Nations shall appoint the members of the fact- finding mission and its administrator after consultation of the requested State Party. Nationals of States Parties requesting the mission or in direct cohesion with them may not be appointed for the mission.\n# The ~Secretary-General of the United Nations shall designate experts from the list under Article 11 par. 3 for members of the mission. In the event of non- acceptance in writing of an expert by a State Party, the expert shall not participate in fact-finding missions on the territory of any other place under the jurisdiction or control of the objecting State Party.\n# Upon at least 48 hours notice, the members of the fact-finding mission shall arrive in the territory of the requested State Party at the earliest opportunity.\n# The members of the fact-finding mission shall enjoy privileges and immunities under Article VI of the Convention of the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, adopted on 13 February 1946. The requested State is responsible for the security of the members of the mission on their territory.\n# The requested State Party shall grant access for the fact-finding mission to all areas and installations under its control as well as inspection of documents, as far as necessary to fact-finding, object of the mission or in direct cohesion to the mission.\n# The fact-finding mission may remain in the territory of the State Party concerned for no more than 14 days, unless otherwise agreed.\n# The fact-finding mission shall report, through the ~Secretary-General of the United Nations, to the Meeting of States Parties the results of its findings. The Meeting of States Parties shall consider all relevant information, including the report submitted by the fact-finding mission. Determining a breach of the present Convention by the control, the Meeting of States Parties may request the State Party to remove the breach of this Convention or take measures to address the compliance issue. The requested State Party shall report on all measures taken in response to this request.\n!!Article 15 Settlement of Disputes\n# The States Parties shall consult and co-operate with each other to settle disputes that may arise concerning the application or interpretation of this Convention. Every State Party may bring any such dispute to the Meeting of States Parties.\n# The Meeting of the States Parties may contribute to the settlement of the dispute by whatever means it deems appropriate, including offering its good offices, calling upon the States parties to a dispute to start the settlement procedure of their choice and recommending a time-limit for any agreed procedure.\n# The States Parties ask the ~Secretary-General of the United Nations to mediate with the settlement of the dispute, if it can not be settled between the States Parties and the means of par. 2.\n# Otherwise it remains reserved to the States Parties to call on the International Court of Justice and ask for a judicial decision.\n!!Article 16 Liability\n<<<\nEach State Party that uses uranium weapons in a conflict is responsible for clarification, decontamination of uranium contaminated areas and medical care as well as compensation of the victims. It is responsible for all actions committed by persons belonging to its military forces.\n<<<\n!!Article 17 Amendments\n# At any timeafter the entry into force of this Convention any State Party may propose amendments to this Convention. Any proposal for an amendment shall be communicated to the Depository, who shall circulate it to all State Parties and shall seek their views on whether an Amendment Conference should be convened to consider the proposal. If a majority of the States Parties notify the Depository within 4 weeks after its circulation that they support further consideration of the proposal, the Depository shall convene an Amendment Conference to which all States Parties shall be invited.\n# The Amendment Conference shall be held immediately following a Meeting of States Parties or a Review Conference unless a majority of the States Parties request that it be held earlier.\n# Any amendment to this Convention shall be adopted by a majority of two- thirds of the States Parties present and voting at the Amendment Conference. The Depository shall communicate any amendment so adopted to the States Parties.\n!!Article 18 Duration and withdrawal\n# This Convention shall be of unlimited duration.\n# Each State Party shall, in exercising its national sovereignty, have the right to withdraw from this Convention. It shall give notice of such withdrawal to all other States Parties and to the Depository. Such instrument of withdrawal shall include a full explanation of the reason motivating this withdrawal.\n# The withdrawal of a State Party from this Convention shall not affect the obligations of other States Parties.\n!!Article 19 Signature\n<<<\nThis Convention, done in..... shall be open for signature at......by all States from..... until.... .\n<<<\n!!Article 20 Ratification, acceptance, approval, accession\n# This Convention is subject to ratification, acceptance or approval of all Signatories.\n# It shall be open for accession by any State which has not signed the Convention.\n# The instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be deposited with the depository.\n!!Article 21 Entry into force\n# This Convention shall enter into force on the first day of the sixth month in which the 20th instrument of the ratification, approval or accession has been deposited.\n# For any State which deposits its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession after the date of the deposit of the 20th instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, this Convention shall enter into force on the first day of the sixth month after the date on which that state has deposited its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.\n!!Article 22 Depository\n<<<\nThe ~Secretary-General of the United Nations is hereby designated as the Depository of the Convention.\n<<<\n!!Article 23 Reservations\n<<<\nThe Articles of this Convention shall not be subject to reservations.\n<<<\n!!Article 24 Authentic texts\n<<<\nThe original of this Convention, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the ~Secretary-General of the United Nations. The ~Secretary-General of the United Nations shall convey certified transcripts to each State Party.\n<<<

The Draft Declaration has been evolving from an initial draft version submitted by Larry Roeder and several versions have been prepared. To date, consensus has not been reached on developed on the form or contents of the declaration.\n* [[Draft Declaration, Information Habitat: Where Information Lives, 23 July 2007]]\n* [[Draft Declaration, World Society for the Protection of Animals, with revisions by Concerned Citizens Speak, 18 July 2007]]\n* [[Draft Declaration, World Society for the Protection of Animals, 16 July 2007]]\n* [[Draft Declaration, Global Compliance Research Project, 15 July 2007]]\n* [[Draft Declaration, Concerned Citizens Speak, 14 July 2007]]\n

# We, delegates to the 60th DPI/NGO Conference, have gathered from 5-7 September, 2007 in New York City to review the impacts of climate change and to consider how the NGO community can work together more effectively to mitigate the risks of climate change through reducing greenhouse gases and conserving carbon sinks and to prepare for adaptation to the actual and expected consequences of climate change in support of the purposes of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change[http://www.un-documents.net/unfccc.htm#article-2].\n# We are particularly concerned about the reluctance on the part of some of the major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions to seriously address the issue and that insufficient resources have been made available to protect the poor and disadvantaged from Climate Change.\n# We concur with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[http://www.ipcc.ch] on the anthropogenic causes of climate change and on the urgency of effectively addressing the issue, and affirm that climate change represents an imminent threat to is a direct threat to our common efforts to reduce poverty, hunger and disease.\n# Climate Change is a direct threat to socially equitable and environmentally sound development, poverty reduction and the prevention of disease;\n# We recognize that the solution to climate change lies not in the fragmentation of issues but in addressing the complexity and interdependence of issues and thus we commit ourselves to spending the next twelve months to develop a harmonized NGO approach to Climate Change, one that links all NGOs, whether focused on gender, agriculture, indigenous peoples, livestock, livelihood protection, peace-building, sustainable development or other issues.\n# We call on all participants in the 2007 DPI/NGO Conference to join together in common cause to articulate a practical strategy, list NGO-led programs of worth and craft a common report on those efforts for dissemination throughout the NGO community.\n# We recognize that the international community has accumulated much experience with disaster prevention and commend the many organizations that are already working on the Climate Change issue. Our effort must be added value, not separate.\n# We acknowledge the importance of the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)[http://www.un-documents.net/rio-dec.htm], [http://www.un-documents.net/agenda21.htm], and the Framework Convention on Climate Change which was signed and ratified by most Member States of the United Nations including many who have not ratified the convention's Kyoto Protocol. Under this Convention, the precautionary principle was clearly enunciated, and a firm obligation was incurred to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to conserve carbon sinks.\n# We reaffirm the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and call for a more integrated mechanism for implementing all environmental treaties.\n# We recognize the precedence of productive contributions of UN partnered NGOs in enhancing the environment, civil rights, peace, etc and call on all NGOs to continue that tradition, drawing on experiences and principles established in years of obligations incurred through conventions, treaties and covenants, through commitments made through UN Conference action plans, and expectations created through UN General Assembly Resolutions and Declarations.\n# We are concerned that the solution proposed should never be equally bad or worse than the problem they are intended to solve. For this reason we do not consider nuclear energy as the solution to Climate Change, (unless significant new safety and environmental improvement are included in the programs) and have grave reservations about some of the biofuel proposals.\n# To guide our work over the next year, we have agreed on several principles.\n# We concur with the fundamental principle enunciated throughout UN documents: the principle of intergenerational equity- rights of future generation to their ecological heritage, and to a safe environment\n# We also support the labour principle of "fair and just transition" enunciated by the International Labour Organization.\n# NGOs, the United Nations, other international organizations, including labor and governments must work together; and implement the principle emerging from the commitment in UN Conference on Women: Equality, Development and Peace, and in Habitat II - States must ensure that corporations including transnational corporation comply with all applicable national and international law, including international environmental law.\n# We must foster a culture of disaster prevention and resilience, and associated pre-disaster strategies, and recognize that the use of the term "reduction of disasters" has coopted the expression of disaster prevention\n#* (Conference participants can recommend a set of other priorities here. Once combined, these may form the basis for virtual workshops that collaborate over the coming months.)\n# We express our appreciation to the United Nations for hosting this conference and the people of the City of New York for their graciousness and hospitality.\n\nThis text should be used at September 24 Summit by the Secretary General.\n

Note: This incorporates revisions made by Joan Russow.\n\n# We, delegates to the 60th DPI/NGO Conference, have gathered from 5-7 September, 2007 in New York City to discuss how the NGO community can work together more effectively to reduce the risks of Climate Change through reducing greenhouse gases and conserving carbon sinks as agreed to in the 1992 Framework Convention on Climate Change[http://www.un-documents.net/unfccc.htm].\n# We are particularly concerned about the reluctance on the part of some of the major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions to seriously address the issue and that insufficient resources have been made available to protect the poor and disadvantaged from Climate Change.\n# We concur with the International Governmental Panel on Climate Change[http://www.ipcc.ch] on the anthropogenic causes of Climate Change and on the urgency of effectively addressing the issue, and affirm that Climate Change is a direct threat to our common efforts to reduce poverty, hunger and disease.\n# We recognize that the solution to Climate Change lies not in the fragmentation of issues but in addressing the complexity and interdependence of issues and thus we commit ourselves to spending the next twelve months to develop a harmonized NGO approach to Climate Change, one that links all NGOs, whether focused on gender, agriculture, livestock, livelihood protection, peace-building, sustainable development or other issues.\n# We call on all participants in the 2007 DPI/NGO Conference to join together in common cause to articulate a practical strategy, list NGO-led programs of worth and craft a common report on those efforts for presentation at the 2008 DPI/NGO Conference (in Paris).\n# We recognize that the international community has accumulated much experience with disaster prevention and commend the many organizations that are already working on the Climate Change issue. Our effort must be added value, not separate.\n# We acknowledge the importance of the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development[http://www.un-documents.net/rio-dec.htm], [http://www.un-documents.net/agenda21.htm], and the Framework Convention on Climate Change which was signed and ratified by most Member States of the United Nations including many who have not ratified the convention's Kyoto Protocol. Under this Convention, the precautionary principle was clearly enunciated, and a firm obligation was incurred to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to conserve carbon sinks.\n# We recognize the precedence of productive contributions of UN partnered NGOs in enhancing the environment, civil rights, peace, etc and call on all NGOs to continue that tradition, drawing on experiences and principles established in years of obligations incurred through conventions, treaties and convenants, through commitments made through UN Conference action plans, and expectations created through UN General Assembly Resolutions and Declarations.\n# We are concerned that the solution proposed should never be equally bad or worse than the problem they are intended to solve. For this reason we do not consider nuclear energy as the solution to Climate Change, and have grave reservations about some of the biofuel proposals\n# To guide our work over the next year, we have agreed on several principles.\n#* Regardless of the causes, Climate Change is a direct threat to sustainable development, poverty reduction and the prevention of disease;\n#* NGOs, industry, the United Nations, other international organizations and governments must work together;\n#* The NGO community must work in partnership with the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015[http://www.un-documents.net/hfa,htm];\n#* We must foster a culture of disaster prevention and resilience, and associated pre-disaster strategies;\n#* (Conference participants can recommend a set of other priorities here. Once combined, these may form the basis for virtual workshops that collaborate over the coming months.)\n# We express our appreciation to the United Nations for hosting this conference and the people of the City of New York for their graciousness and hospitality.

1. We, [participants] in the 60th DPI/NGO Conference, have gathered from 5-7 September 2007 [at UN Headquarters in New York City] to review the impacts of climate change and to consider how the NGO community can work together more effectively to mitigate the risks of climate change through reducing greenhouse gas [emissions] and conserving carbon sinks, as well as to prepare for adaptation to the actual and expected consequences of climate change [and to] support of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and its Kyoto Protocol.\n\n[2. We expect that the negotiations in Bali in December 2007 will be the major forum in which the issue of climate change will be debated, and we feel that the High-Level meeting preceding the start of the UN General Assembly will give policy guidance to the Bali meeting. We call upon the United Nations to ensure that the voice and views of NGOs is presented in some form at the September 24 meeting.]\n\n3. We are particularly concerned about the reluctance of some of the major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions to address [the urgency of the crisis] and [the lack of sufficient] resources available to protect the poor[, and other vulnerable groups such as older persons and the disabled from the impacts of climate change.]\n\n4. We concur with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change about the anthropogenic causes of climate change. There is a real urgency to effectively address the [crisis], and [we] affirm that climate change represents a direct threat to our common efforts to achieve the implementation of the [[Millennium Development Goals]], [including long-term food security, provision of clean water and sanitation, and to ensure that environmentally sound development is also socially equitable.] \n\n5. We recognize that the solution to climate change lies not in the fragmentation of issues but in addressing the complexity and interdependence of issues [as evidenced by the signs of collapse of many of our ecosystem support services (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment).\n\n6. We therefore [realize that in order to enhance the effectiveness of this DPI Conference, into which so much time and so many resources have been devoted, that we] commit during the next twelve months to develop a harmonized NGO approach to climate change, one that links all NGOs across regions and issues, whether focused on gender, agriculture, indigenous peoples, transport, livestock, livelihood protection and the development of right livelihoods, peace-building, migration, human rights, education, sustainable development in rural and urban areas, or other issues.\n\n[6bis - We stress the importance of the [[United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development]] (DESD) and stress the importance of the DESD process as a prerequisite and framework for capacity-building initiatives and multi-stakeholder partnerships.]\n\n7. We call on all participants in the 2007 UN DPI/NGO Conference to join together in common cause to articulate a practical strategy and craft a common report on those efforts for dissemination throughout the NGO community [and to Member States and organs of the UN system.]\n\n8. We recognize that the international community has accumulated much experience with [risk mitigation and we highlight the Hyogo Framework on Disaster Reduction. The very existence of many Small Island Developing States must be addressed as a high priority in a follow-up meeting of the UN Security Council. We foresee the time when the Trusteeship Council of the United Nations may have to deal with whole States whose sovereignty is threatened by the impact of sea level rise.]\n\n9. We acknowledge the [central] importance of the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development and we reaffirm the [[Rio Declaration on Environment and Development]] in which the precautionary principle was clearly enunciated.\n\n10. We recognize the [added value of the] productive contributions of NGOs [to the global conference process of the 1990s, whether in environment, [human] rights, and peace [and security, and we will point to specific initiatives to develop UN system-wide partnerships with the private sector, local actors and philanthropic foundations and future-oriented thinktanks]. \n\n11. We have grave reservations about nuclear energy, with its lack of safety, security and waste disposal problems. We emphasize the designn of environmental policy instruments to ensure cost-effectiveness and incentives for stimulating the development and diffusion of clean energy technologies. We are equally concerned over the impact of biofuels, [as they impact land and water use. We call on the UN to hold a summit on Rural Development and Biofuels in a Post-2012 World.]\n\n12. We are concerned with the use and development of geoengineering approaches [to solving the climate crisis], such as shooting sulphur into the atmosphere to reflect solar radiation, and dumping iron [ore??] into the ocean to stimulate plankton growth. In keeping with the precautionary principle, it is essential that there be thorough and public critical review of the impact of such techniques on [the human-earth community].\n\n13. We are deeply concerned with the use of deliberate and secretive weather modification and weather control, including weather warfare. Superpower militaries have quietly made advances to control weather for tactical advantages in war and with disregard for the environmental consequence.\n\n14. We call for rigorous adherence to and enforcement of the [1978] [[Convention on the Prohibition of Military of Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques|http://www.un-documents.net/enmod.htm]] (ENMOD). We call for a review and strengthening of this convention [in an appropriate process]. \n\n15. Deleted.\n\n16. We concur with the fundamental principle DELETE SOME WORDS of intergenerational equity [and] the rights of future generations to their ecological[, cultural and spiritual] heritage and to a safe environment.\n\n17. We also support the labor principle of "fair and just transition" enunciated by the International Labor Organization. [and call for] implementation of the principle emerging from the [Beijing Conference and Plan of Action] and from HABITAT II, that States must ensure that corporations comply with all applicable national and international law, including international environmental law.\n\n18. [We call upon the 3400 members of the UN Global Compact to implement in a transparent way the "[[Caring for Climate: The Business Leadership Platform]]" adopted at the Global COmpact Leaders Summit held in Geneva, 5-6 July 2007, and to create throughout their supply chains partnerships with NGOs/civil society to ensure that Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is implemented.]\n\n19. Deleted\n\n[20. We recommend that the Commission on Sustainable Development, in light of the failure in negotiations of CSD15 to produce a negotiated outcome on climate change and other issues, become a Council, similar to the Human Rights Council, that would be able to convene at any time to deal with new or emerging environmental threats. A subsidiary body, comprised of a variety of actors and stakeholders, could meet throughout the year both in real and virtual space, to work on developing solutions to the climate crisis, taking into account General Assembly resolution 61/16, Strengthening of the Economic and Social Council.\n\n21. We also call upon the Governing Council of UNEP and the UN General Assembly to strengthen UNEP by upgrading it to the status of an agency.\n\n22. We express our appreciation to the United Nations [and the Department of Public Information] for hosting this conference and [to] the people of the City [and State of New York] for their graciousness and hospitality.\n\nNote: We propose that a final version of this text should be presented to the UN Secretary-General.\n\n!!! Richard Jordan's notes on changes:\n\n4. This combines the old numbers 3 and 4, since old number 4 is just a little over 1 line long.\n\n5. Should the we commit part of old number five remain as part of that or be important enough to have its own point, which I put here.\n\n9. This number 9 is really an amalgam of the old 8 and 9, since we already spoke about the UNFCCC in #1. I am unclear as to the precautionary principle being articulated in the UNFCCC, but of course is in the Rio Declaration. I think that a simple formulation may be a little clearer than two separate entries. I'm open to any clear formulation.\n\n10. Take out precedence of -- really does not add anything that I can see. NGOs really have not worked in adding anything to GA Resolutions, etc. -- happy to keep it in if for a reason.\n\n12. Here I have deleted some of the examples -- don't need everyone of them, in my view.\n\n13. Deleted a few words but included the end of the sentence\n\n14. Not sure if the convention allows for review.\n\n15. Delete since this really belongs somewhere near the beginning -- already mentioned that we would work for a year.\n\n17, If Joan contributed this, please explain. Also we should not use commonwealth variations of words like 'labor.] This is the combination of the old #18. UN Conference on Women is not the title; What is the principle? Deleted a few words from the last clause,\n\n19. Not sure what this actually says, so I would delete.

!!! Explanation for the changes\nI believe that I have included all the substance that was in Larry's draft but the sequence has changed, plus the issues that were raised by others have been reinserted as statements in the body of the Declaration . Given that we are working through the UN I think that it is important, in the first section, to reaffirm the strong obligations, commitments and principles that are both relevant to climate change and that have been agreed to in previous documents. The second section is as written by Larry.\n\nI want to stress that I believe that I have been following the process because I responded to Richard's compilation which include questions addressed to me, and Robert's question as well.\n\nI work with a wide range of activists involved with peace, environment, social justice and human rights movement. I have been really concerned about the way so many activists particularly anti-globalization activists who should be using international law as an instrument of change have given up on the UN. I believe we have a responsibility as NGOs working at the UN, to monitor state compliance with international law, but also to make the UN relevant to activist groups.\n\nJoan Russow\nGlobal Compliance Research Project\n<html><hr></html>\n!! Draft Declaration for 2007 DPI/NGO Conference\nOn the Fifteenth anniversary of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development,\n\nWe have concluded that Climate Change is the most serious threat to humanity, the environment and all of Earth's species, and to the global commons.\n# We, representatives to the 60th DPI/NGO Conference, have gathered from 5-7 September, 2007 at the United Nations Headquarters in New York.\n# We concur with the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] on the anthropogenic causes of climate change. There is a real urgency to effectively address the [crisis], and [we] affirm that climate change represents a direct threat to our common efforts to achieve the implementation of the MDGs, [including long-term food security, provision of clean water and sanitation, and to ensure that environmentally sound development is also socially equitable.] Climate change is a direct threat to social equality, environmentally sound development, poverty reduction, the prevention of disease and food security.\n# We acknowledge the importance of the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), and the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] which was signed and ratified by most Member States of the United Nations including many who have not ratified the Kyoto Protocol. We reaffirm the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and recommend an integrated UN mechanism to implement all environmental treaties and a culture of disaster prevention, reduction and resilience.\n# We reaffirm the precautionary principle which was enunciated in both the [[Rio Declaration on Environment and Development]] and in the Framework Convention on Climate Change. We concur with the fundamental principle enunciated throughout UN documents: that all future generations have a right to enjoy their ecological heritage and a safe environment and "to protect the climate system for present and future generations" (Framework Convention on climate change)\n# We are particularly concerned about the reluctance of some of the major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions to address [the urgency of the crisis] and [the lack of sufficient] resources available to protect the poor[, and other vulnerable groups such as older persons and the disabled from the impacts of climate change.] We have also concluded that while the threat has been obvious for decades, policy makers in governments and the private sector have allowed lesser priorities to prevent implementation of enough constructive action, thus accelerating the danger and its magnitude.\n# We call for the implementation of the commitment made in the 1995, [[Beijing Platform for Action]] at the Fourth World Conference on Women: Equality, Development and Peace, to ensure that "all corporations including transnational corporations, comply with national laws and codes, social security regulations, applicable international agreements, instruments and conventions, including those related to the environment, and other relevant laws and international environmental law" ([[Section 167||http://www.un-documents.net/bpa-4-f.htm]]).\n# We call upon states to implement the commitment made, in [[Agenda 21]], to the "the reallocation of resources presently committed to military purposes" ([[33.18e|http://www.un-documents.net/a21-33.htm#18]]); and urge part of the peace dividend to be transferred to the development of environmentally safe and sound alternative energy. and to the instituting of the "fair and just transition principle" for affected workers and communities; We urge all members of society, and institutions to invest in soically equitable and environmentally safe and sound energy. which will reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\n# We are concerned that solutions proposed to address the issue of climate change would have in themselves serious irreversible consequences, such as those arising out of the use of genetically engineering technology. Similarly, we have grave reservations about nuclear energy been proposed as a solution to climate change because of, its lack of safety, its security-linked issues, its unresolved waste disposal problems and its inextricable link with the development of nuclear arms. We are equally concerned over the impact of biofuels, as they impact land, water use and food security.\n# We reaffirm that Warfare is inherently destructive of sustainable development" ([[Rio Declaration. Principle 24|http://www.un-documents.net/rio-dec.htm#principle-24]], UNCED, 1992), and we are deeply concerned with the use of deliberate and secretive weather modification and weather control, including weather warfare. Superpower militaries have quietly made advances to control weather for tactical advantages in war and with disregard for the environmental consequences. We call for rigorous adherence to and enforcement of the [1978] [[Convention on the Prohibition of Military of Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques|http://www-un-documents.net/enmod.htm]] (ENMOD), and of the provision in the [[Outer Space Treaty|http://www.un-documents.net/a21r2222.htm]] to limit the use of space for peaceful purposes and for the benefit of Humanity.\n# We concur with the fundamental principle of intergenerational equity [and] the rights of future generations to their cultural and natural heritage and to a safe environment and affirm the determination in the Framework Convention on climate change "to protect the climate system for present and future generations" , and we are deeply concerned about the global displacement of people resulting from climate change.\n# We support the [[United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development]] and make a commitment to educating ourselves more fully about climate change-- its consequences, prevention, mitigation and adaptation. We call for the reducing of ecological footprint, (Habitat II) and the moving away from the over-consumptive pattern of development ([[Agenda 21]]) and for the respecting of the inherent worth of nature beyond human purpose ([[World Charter for Nature]]).\n!!! Strategies for NGOs Furthering the Declaration and its Purposes:\n# To reduce the threat's impact before it is too late, we ask the entire NGO community to unify behind a common vision and the search for fresh approaches, regardless of any one NGO's specific mandate, and be a vocal but constructive partner for change with the UN, governments and local societies. To that end, we have recommended specific steps.\n# We recognize the precedence of productive contributions of UN partnered NGOs and call on all NGOs to continue that tradition, drawing on experiences and principles established through conventions, treaties, covenants, UN Conference action plans, and UN General Assembly Resolutions and Declarations.\n# While NGOs focus on a broad range of topics, they are all impacted by the climate. Therefore, we recommend a harmonized approach to Climate Change that links us, whether we are focused on gender, age, health, agriculture, the indigenous, livestock, poverty, food security, peace, sustainable development or other issues.\n# We recommend that this Declaration be given to the United Nations Secretary General at the end of the 60th DPI/NGO Conference in New York . We also agree to develop a joint report over the next twelve months of practical policy recommendations to define new approaches to key priority issues identified in the New York conference. This report will also be presented to the Secretary General at the DPI/NGO conference in Paris in 2008.\n# The NGO Special Report on Climate Change will not cover all topics. That would be impossible. It is instead a tool to stimulate action beyond 2008 and a permanent conversation on improving how NGOs collaborate and influence policy makers on this important threat, regardless of individual mandates.\n\nWe also express our deep appreciation to the United Nations for hosting this conference and to the people of the City of New York for their graciousness and hospitality.\n!!! Guiding Principles for the report\n# The report should articulate a practical, common strategy that engages the UN, governments and all civil society in order to include the best ideas.\n# The DPI/NGO Executive Committee should provide a website to list important NGO-led related programs and efforts to support the report such as workshops and virtual committees.\n# The report should be shared with the entire NGO community, all member States of the UN and especially organizations already working on disaster prevention and climate change (too many to be listed here).\n!!! Contents of the Report.\n<<<\nThis para will be written in the past tense in the final Declaration: Conference participants are requested to recommend specific report chapters that will be the basis for virtual workshops which collaborate over the coming year. Any NGO associated with DPI or ECOSOC may make recommendations, whether they attend the 2007 conference or not; but all recommendations must be received by Noon, September 7, 2007.

# We, delegates to the [[60th Annual DPI/NGO Conference]], have gathered from 5-7 September, 2007 in New York City to review the impacts of climate change and to consider how the NGO community can work together more effectively to mitigate the risks of climate change through reducing greenhouse gases and conserving carbon sinks and to prepare for adaptation to the actual and expected consequences of climate change in support of the [[purposes of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|UN Framework Convention on Climate Change: Article 2: Objective]].\n# We are particularly concerned about the reluctance on the part of some of the major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions to seriously address the issue and that insufficient resources have been made available to protect the poor and disadvantaged from Climate Change.\n# We concur with the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] on the anthropogenic causes of climate change and on the urgency of effectively addressing the issue, and affirm that climate change represents an imminent threat to our common efforts to reduce poverty, hunger and disease.\n# Climate change is a direct threat to socially equitable and environmentally sound development, poverty reduction and the prevention of disease;\n# We recognize that the solution to climate change lies not in the fragmentation of issues but in addressing the complexity and interdependence of issues and thus we commit ourselves to spending the next twelve months to develop a harmonized NGO approach to climate change, one that links all NGOs, whether focused on gender, agriculture, indigenous peoples, livestock, livelihood protection, peace-building, sustainable development or other issues.\n# We call on all participants in the 2007 DPI/NGO Conference to join together in common cause to articulate a practical strategy, list NGO-led programs of worth and craft a common report on those efforts for dissemination throughout the NGO community.\n# We recognize that the international community has accumulated much experience with disaster prevention and commend the many organizations that are already working on the Climate Change issue. Our effort must be added value, not separate.\n# We acknowledge the importance of the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)|http://www.un-documents.net/rio-dec.htm], [http://www.un-documents.net/agenda21.htm], and the Framework Convention on Climate Change which was signed and ratified by most Member States of the United Nations including many who have not ratified the convention's Kyoto Protocol. Under this Convention, the precautionary principle was clearly enunciated, and a firm obligation was incurred to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to conserve carbon sinks.\n# We reaffirm the [[Rio Declaration on Environment and Development]] and call for a more integrated mechanism for implementing all environmental treaties.\n# We recognize the precedence of productive contributions of UN partnered NGOs in enhancing the environment, civil rights, peace, etc and call on all NGOs to continue that tradition, drawing on experiences and principles established in years of obligations incurred through conventions, treaties and covenants, through commitments made through UN Conference action plans, and expectations created through UN General Assembly Resolutions and Declarations.\n# We are concerned that the solution proposed should never be equally bad or worse than the problem they are intended to solve. For this reason we do not consider nuclear energy as the solution to Climate Change, (unless significant new safety and environmental improvement are included in the programs) and have grave reservations about some of the biofuel proposals.\n# We are concerned with the use and development of geoengineering approaches such as shooting sulphur into the atmosphere to reflect solar radiation, dumping iron into the ocean to stimulate plankton growth and sequester CO2, using airplanes to deliver particulate matter to create clouds to increase earth's albedo, and planting fast-growing trees such as eucalyptus that severely deplete groundwater resources. In keeping with the precautionary principle, it is essential that there be thorough and public critical review of the impact of such techniques on animal, plant and human life and on the planet itself.\n# We are deeply concerned with the use of deliberate and secretive weather modification and weather control, including weather warfare. Superpower militaries have quietly made advances to control weather, perfecting ways to exploit the powerful energies for tactical advantages in war and with disregard for the environmental consequence.\n# We call for rigorous adherence to and enforcement of the [[Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques (ENMOD)|http://www.un-documents.net/enmod.htm]] which entered into force October, 1978. We call for a review and strengthening of this important convention.\n# To guide our work over the next year, we have agreed on several principles.\n# We concur with the fundamental principle enunciated throughout UN documents: the principle of intergenerational equity- rights of future generation to their ecological heritage, and to a safe environment\n# We also support the labour principle of "fair and just transition" enunciated by the International Labour Organization.\n# NGOs, the United Nations, other international organizations, including labor and governments must work together; and implement the principle emerging from the commitment in the Fourth World Conference on Women: Equality, Development and Peace, and in Habitat II - States must ensure that corporations including transnational corporation comply with all applicable national and international law, including international environmental law.\n# We must foster a culture of disaster prevention and resilience, and associated pre-disaster strategies, and recognize that the use of the term "reduction of disasters" has coopted the expression of disaster prevention\n#* (Conference participants can recommend a set of other priorities here. Once combined, these may form the basis for virtual workshops that collaborate over the coming months.)\n# We express our appreciation to the United Nations for hosting this conference and the people of the City of New York for their graciousness and hospitality.\n\n----\n\nNote: We propose that a final version of this text should be presented to the UN Secretary-General for the September 24 Summit on Climate Change.

Here is my revision taking into account comments made during the Planning Committee on document organization and other ideas proposed since in various emails to me. \n \nOne important change. You will notice that I have not delved into the details of why this or that topic is important. That omission is intentional. If we go down the route of fleshing out issues beyond the basic threat, then we will have a huge and not very helpful debate in the Conference.\n \nWhat we want I suggest to you is instead to narrow the substance to a statement of the threat's scope and that we have a plan to craft an NGO approach, articulate the plan to develop a report and have our debate on various specific topics during the year.\n \nI hope this approach meets with your approval.\n \nLarry Roeder\n\n----\n\n!! Draft Declaration for 2007 DPI/NGO Conference \n# We, representatives to the 60th Annual DPI/NGO Conference, have gathered from 5-7 September, 2007 at the United Nations Headquarters in New York to consider the potential risks associated with climate change and what the NGO community might contribute to reducing the threat. We have also consulted with NGOs associated with DPI (the UN Department of Public Information) who could not attend.\n# We have concluded that Climate Change is the most serious threat of our times to humanity, the environment and all of Earth's species, one that harms all of our interests.\n# We have also concluded that while the threat has been obvious for decades, policy makers in governments and the private sector have allowed lesser priorities to prevent implementation of enough constructive action, thus accelerating the danger and its magnitude.\n# To reduce the threat's impact before it is too late, we ask the entire NGO community to unify behind a common vision and the search for fresh approaches, regardless of any one NGO's specific mandate, and be a vocal but constructive partner for change with the UN, governments and local societies. To that end, we have recommended specific steps.\n# We also express our deep appreciation to the United Nations for hosting this conference and to the people of the City of New York for their graciousness and hospitality.\n\n!!! Next Steps\nWhile NGOs focus on a broad range of topics, they are all impacted by the climate. Therefore, we recommend a harmonized approach to Climate Change that links us, whether we are focused on gender, age, health, agriculture, the indigenous, livestock, poverty, food security, peace, sustainable development or other issues.\n\nWe recommend that this Declaration be given to the United Nations Secretary General at the end of the 60th DPI/NGO Conference in New York. We also agree to develop a joint report over the next twelve months of practical policy recommendations to define new approaches to key priority issues identified in the New York conference. This report will also be presented to the Secretary General at the DPI/NGO conference in Paris in 2008.\n\nThe NGO Special Report on Climate Change will not cover all topics. That would be impossible. It is instead a tool to stimulate action beyond 2008 and a permanent conversation on improving how NGOs collaborate and influence policy makers on this important threat, regardless of individual mandates.\n\n!!! Guiding Principles for the report\n# The report should articulate a practical, common strategy that engages the UN, governments and all civil society in order to include the best ideas.\n# The NGO/DPI Executive Committee should provide a website to list important NGO-led related programs and efforts to support the report such as workshops and virtual committees.\n# The report should be shared with the entire NGO community, all member States of the UN and especially organizations already working on disaster prevention and climate change (too many to be listed here).\n# We are particularly concerned about reluctance by some major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions to seriously address the issue and that insufficient resources have been made available to protect the poor and disadvantaged such as the elderly and disabled.\n# We reaffirm the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and recommend an integrated UN mechanism to implement all environmental treaties and a culture of disaster prevention, reduction and resilience.\n# Climate change is a direct threat to social equality, environmentally sound development, poverty reduction, the prevention of disease and food security.\n# We concur with the fundamental principle enunciated throughout UN documents: that all future generations have a right to enjoy their ecological heritage and a safe environment\n# We acknowledge the importance of the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)[3], [4], and the Framework Convention on Climate Change which was signed and ratified by most Member States of the United Nations including many who have not ratified the Kyoto Protocol.\n# We recognize the precedence of productive contributions of UN partnered NGOs and call on all NGOs to continue that tradition, drawing on experiences and principles established through conventions, treaties, covenants, UN Conference action plans, and UN General Assembly Resolutions and Declarations.\n!!! Contents of the Report\n: ''This paragraph will be written in the past tense in the final Declaration:''\n\nConference participants are requested to recommend specific report chapters that will be the basis for virtual workshops which collaborate over the coming year. Any NGO associated with DPI or ECOSOC may make recommendations, whether they attend the 2007 conference or not; but all recommendations must be received by NOON, September 7, 2007. Each chapter will contain a specific recommendation and rationale. Brevity is important. We can not hope to include every specific concern, however, if the networking caused by this effort is successful, further reports are also possible and encouraged. Send recommendations to (an email address) or (use designated conference procedure).\n\n!!!! Topics already recommended for inclusion in the report are:\n* The General Threat and \n* A Harmonized approach that cuts across parochial interests. \nThis chapter is the most important one because it ties the threatened interests and recommendations together into one fabric.\n# Adaptation consequences of climate change\n# Age\n# Agriculture\n# Bio-Fuels\n# Coastal and small island societies\n# Compliance with international environmental law.\n# Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques (ENMOD, October, 1978)\n# Gender\n# Geo-Engineering\n# Health\n# Hunger and Food security\n# Indigenous populations\n# Livestock and animal welfare\n# Nuclear Energy\n# Poverty, Labor and Livelihood Protection\n# Reducing greenhouse gases and conserving carbon sinks\n# Sustainable development\n# Water\n\n<<tiddler "tiddler footer">>\n

# We, representatives to the 60th DPI/NGO Conference, have gathered from 5-7 September, 2007 at the United Nations Headquarters in New York to consider the potential risks associated with climate change and what the NGO community might contribute to reducing the threat. We have also consulted with NGOs associated with DPI (the UN Department of Public Information) who could not attend.\n# We have concluded that climate change is the most serious threat of our times to humanity, the environment and all of Earth's species, one that harm all of our interests.\n# We have also concluded that while the threat has been obvious for decades, policy makers in governments and the private sector have allowed lesser priorities to prevent implementation of enough constructive action, thus accelerating the danger and its magnitude.\n# To reduce the threat's impact before it is too late, we ask the entire NGO community to unify behind a common vision and the search for fresh approaches, regardless of any one NGO's specific mandate, and be a vocal but constructive partner for change with the UN, governments and local societies. To that end, we have recommended specific steps.\n# We also express our deep appreciation to the United Nations for hosting this conference and to the people of the City of New York for their graciousness and hospitality.\n!!! Next Steps:\n<<<\nWhile NGOs focus on a broad range of topics, they are all impacted by the climate. Therefore, we recommend a harmonized approach to climate change that links us, whether we are focused on gender, age, health, agriculture, the indigenous, livestock, poverty, food security, peace, sustainable development or other issues.\n\nWe recommend that this Declaration be given to the United Nations Secretary General at the end of the 60th DPI/NGO Conference in New York. We also agree to develop a joint report over the next twelve months of practical policy recommendations to define new approaches to key priority issues identified in the New York conference. This report will also be presented to the Secretary General at the DPI/NGO conference in Paris in 2008.\n\nThe NGO Special Report on Climate Change will not cover all topics. That would be impossible. It is instead a tool to stimulate action beyond 2008 and a permanent conversation on improving how NGOs collaborate and influence policy makers on this important threat, regardless of individual mandates.\n<<<\n!!! Guiding Principles for the report\n# The report should articulate a practical, common strategy that engages the UN, governments and all civil society in order to include the best ideas.\n# The DPI/NGO Executive Committee should provide a website to list important NGO-led related programs and efforts to support the report such as workshops and virtual committees.\n# The report should be shared with the entire NGO community, all member States of the UN and especially organizations already working on disaster prevention and climate change (too many to be listed here).\n# We are particularly concerned about reluctance by some major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions to seriously address the issue and that insufficient resources have been made available to protect the poor and disadvantaged such as the elderly and disabled.\n# We reaffirm the [[Rio Declaration on Environment and Development]] and recommend an integrated UN mechanism to implement all environmental treaties and a culture of disaster prevention, reduction and resilience.\n# Climate change is a direct threat to social equality, environmentally sound development, poverty reduction, the prevention of disease and food security.\n# We concur with the fundamental principle enunciated throughout UN documents: that all future generations have a right to enjoy their ecological heritage and a safe environment\n# We acknowledge the importance of the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), and the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] which was signed and ratified by most Member States of the United Nations including many who have not ratified the Kyoto Protocol.\n# We recognize the precedence of productive contributions of UN partnered NGOs and call on all NGOs to continue that tradition, drawing on experiences and principles established through conventions, treaties, covenants, UN Conference action plans, and UN General Assembly Resolutions and Declarations.\n!!! Contents of the Report\n<<<\nThis para will be written in the past tense in the final Declaration: Conference participants are requested to recommend specific report chapters that will be the basis for virtual workshops which collaborate over the coming year. Any NGO associated with DPI or ECOSOC may make recommendations, whether they attend the 2007 conference or not; but all recommendations must be received by NOON, September 7, 2007. Each chapter will contain a specific recommendation and rationale. Brevity is important. We can not hope to include every specific concern, however, if the networking caused by this effort is successful, further reports are also possible and encouraged. Send recommendations to (an email address) or (use designated conference procedure).\n<<<\n!!! Topics already recommended for inclusion in the report are:\n<<<\nThe General Threat and A Harmonized approach that cuts across parochial interests. This chapter is the most important one because it ties the threatened interests and recommendations together into one fabric..\n# Adaptation consequences of climate change.\n# Age\n# Agriculture\n# Bio-Fuels\n# Coastal and small island societies\n# Compliance with international environmental law.\n# Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques (ENMOD, October, 1978)\n# Gender\n# Geo-Engineering.\n# Health\n# Hunger and Food security\n# Indigenous populations\n# Livestock and animal welfare\n# Nuclear Energy\n# Poverty, Labor and Livelihood Protection\n# Reducing greenhouse gases and conserving carbon sinks\n# Sustainable development\n# Water\n<<<

!! Draft Declaration: 60th Annual DPI/NGO Conference on Climate Change\n# We, representatives to the 60th Annual DPI/NGO Conference, meeting from 5-7 September, 2007 at United Nations Headquarters in New York to consider the potential harms associated with Climate Change and what we, the NGO community, might contribute to coping with those threats. [We have also consulted with NGOs associated with DPI (the UN's Department of Public Information) who could not attend our conference.]\n# We conclude that:\n#* Climate Change is the most serious threat of our times to humanity, our environment and all of life on Earth, at a minimum seriously threatening the availability of water and food and massive movement of population, with resulting economic damage and a related rise in violence.\n#* The dangers and their magnitude have been accelerated and magnified by policy makers in governments and the private sector which have allowed lesser priorities to inhibit implementation of constructive action, in spite of the fact that evidence of the threats has been building for decades.\n# We urge that, in order to reduce the impact of the threats before they reach a tipping point, our entire NGO community:\n#* unify behind a common vision\n#* search for fresh approaches (regardless of our NGO's specific mandate), and\n#* be a vocal, but constructive partner for change with the UN, governments and civil society generally.\n# To that end, we make the following recommendations (recognizing that as this process continues, we will need to expand and revise our view of the challenges we face and how we can respond to them).\n!! Recommendations:\n# While NGOs focus on a broad range of topics, we are all impacted by climate. Therefore we recommend a collaborative approach to Climate Change, an approach based on networking that transcends our specific organizational purposes, whether we are focused on issues related to gender, age, health, agriculture, indigenous peoples, livestock, poverty, food security, peace, or sustainable development among others.\n# We recommend that this Declaration be given to the United Nations Secretary General at the end of the 60th DPI/NGO Conference in New York so that it can be considered at the September 24 Climate Change Summit.\n# We also recommend that an NGO Task Group be convened by the NGO/DPI Executive Committee to facilitate development of a Special Report over the next twelve months: 1) identifying priority issues; 2) making practical policy recommendations; and 3) defining new approaches (covering, but not limited to, those identified in the New York conference).\n\n[This report will also be presented to the Secretary General at the 61st Annual DPI/NGO conference in 2008.]\n\nOur NGO Special Report on Climate Change will not cover all topics. It is instead a tool to stimulate action before, during and after our conference and support a permanent conversation on improving NGO collaboration and working with policy makers on this crucial matter, regardless of individual mandates.\n!! Guiding Principles for the Special Report\n# Our Report should articulate a practical, comprehensive strategy that engages the UN, governments, NGOs, and all of civil society in order to include the best ideas in both its creation and implementation.\n# We request the NGO/DPI Executive Committee to provide space on its website to list important NGO-related programs and efforts to support the Report (such as workshops and virtual committees).\n# Our Report should be shared with the entire NGO community, all other members of civil society, all member States of the UN, and especially organizations already working on disaster prevention and ameliorating harmful effects of Climate Change.\n# We are particularly concerned about reluctance by some major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions to seriously address related problems and their failure to make sufficient resources available to protect the poor and disadvantaged, including the elderly, disabled, and victims of flooding and drought caused by Climate Change.\n# We request the UN consider holding a summit on the use of biofuels and rural development in a post-2012 world.\n# We call upon States to implement the commitment made in Agenda 21 to the "reallocation of resources presently committed to military purposes." and reaffirm that warfare is inherently destructive of sustainable development.\n# We reaffirm the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and recommend an integrated UN approach to implementing all environmental treaties and developing a culture that supports disaster prevention, reduction and resilience\n# We recognize that Climate Change is a threat to social equality, environmentally sound development, poverty reduction, health, food security, and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.\n# We concur with the fundamental principle enunciated throughout UN documents, namely that all future generations have a right to enjoy their ecological heritage and a safe, stable environment.\n# We acknowledge the importance of the 1992 Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), and the Framework Convention on Climate Change which was signed and ratified by most Member States of the United Nations, but we are concerned that many of them have not ratified the Kyoto Protocol.\n# We recognize the precedence of productive contributions of UN NGOs and call on all NGOs to build on that tradition, drawing on experiences, principles and practices adopted at UN Conferences and Special Sessions and at functional Commissions of ECOSOC.\n# We acknowledge the importance of the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development, and UN General Assembly Resolutions and Declarations.\n# We express our deep appreciation to the people of the City of New York for their graciousness and hospitality.\n!! Contents of the Report\nThis paragraph will be written in the past tense in the final Declaration:\n\nConference participants are requested to suggest specific report chapters that may be the basis for virtual workshops which collaborate over the coming year. These topics offer an opportunity to highlight NGO approaches to crucial issues. Any NGO associated with DPI or in Consultative Status with ECOSOC may make suggestions, whether they attend the 2007 conference or not; but to be included in this Declaration, suggestions on themes and principles only, and of no more than 50 words in length, must be received by NOON, September 7, 2007. Each chapter will focus on a specific suggestion and related discussion. Brevity is important. We can not hope to include every specific concern, however, if the networking developed based on this effort is successful, further reports are also possible and encouraged. Send suggestions to (an designated email address) and (TBA designated conference procedure).\n!! Topics already suggested for inclusion in the Report include:\n> The topics below have been raised by members of the Networking Sub-Committee and each of these needs an explanatory sentence. Some preliminary drafts are provided here.\n# The General Threat and A Harmonized approach that cuts across parochial interests. [This chapter is the most important because it ties the threatened interests and recommendations together into one fabric.]\n# Poverty, Labor and Livelihood Protection\n# Tipping Points and Irreversible Threats (in less than 15 years).Reducing greenhouse gases and conserving carbon sinks\n# War and Its Contribution to Climate Change including the convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques (ENMOD, October, 1978). Includes an examination of concerns with the potential use of weather modification for warfare.\n# Sustainable Development: Ethics and Accountability\n# Integrated framework for all Conventions and Treaties relating to Climate Change\n# Water. Suggestions on how to deal with Climate change reducing the availability of fresh water and navigable waters.\n# Gender: Climate change isn't gender neutral. Women are generally more vulnerable because of the roles society often places on them, as well as the limitations, making them often more proportionally dependent on threatened natural resources\n# Intergenerational equity: Examination of the importance of the fundamental principle of intergenerational equity and the rights of future generations to their cultural, spiritual, and natural heritage and to a safe environment and affirm the obligation in the UNFCCC "to protect the climate system for present and future generations\n# Geo-Engineering\n# Adaptation consequences of climate change\n# Health\n# Agriculture\n# Hunger and Food Security\n# Biofuels: Biofuels and rural development in a post-2012 world: Examination of what a summit might accomplish.\n# Indigenous Populations: Why integrating the indigenous into the policy debate is crucial, due to their special vulnerabilities, if they are to avert the worst consequences of global warming\n# Sea-level rise: Threat of rising sea-level to low-lying coastal areas and small island, which are likely to result in the extinction of some societies and nations.\n# Livestock and animal welfare: UN figures show that of the world's poorest billion people, 850 million fully depend on animals for a living. Many hundreds of million more fully depend on animals for food security, animals vulnerable to climate change.\n# Compliance with international environmental law\n# Nuclear Energy: "We have grave concerns about nuclear energy as one solution to climate change because of its history of safety and security issues, its unresolved waste disposal problems and the frequent diversion to the development of nuclear weapons"\n# Education about Climate Change: Examination of why and how to enhance education on the causes and remedies to climate change in keeping with the Decade of Education for Sustainable Development\n# Vulnerable groups: Impacts on youth, older persons and the disabled

The General Assembly,\n<<<\n//Concerned// about the widespread existence and use of weapons containing depleted uranium,\n\n//Taking into consideration// the potential harmful effects of the use of such weapons to human health and the environment,\n\n//Recalling// the use of such weapons, inter alia, in Kuwait and southern Iraq in 1991, and in Iraq again since March 2003,\n\n//Noting// that post-conflict assessments conducted by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in the Balkans, in collaboration with IAEA and WHO, concluded that more research was needed on how the dust from depleted uranium weapons affects the environment,\n\n//Recalling// the UN ~Secretary-General’s speech on the occasion of the International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed Conflict (Nov 6th 2002), stating that "although international conventions govern nuclear, chemical and biological weapons, new technologies, such as depleted uranium ammunition, threaten the environment",\n\n//Referring to// resolutions 1996/16 and 1997/36 adopted by the ~Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities expressing the belief that continued efforts must be undertaken to sensitise public opinion to the inhumane and indiscriminate effects of weapons like those containing depleted uranium and to the need for their complete elimination.\n<<<\n# Supports UNEP's request for an independent environmental field study of sites in Iraq targeted with weapons containing depleted uranium.\n# Urges States, in line with the [[precautionary principle|The Precautionary Principle]], to refrain from the operational use of such weapons until it is scientifically established that such use causes no serious immediate or long-term health or environmental effects, and has no indiscriminate effects on civilians.\n# Invites States and relevant international organizations to study the [[Draft Convention on the prohibition of the development, production, stockpiling, transfer and use of uranium weapons and on their destruction]] (see Annex), and to present reports on the issue in the frame of the International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed Conflict (November 6th ).\n# Requests the ~Secretary-General to seek the views of States and relevant international organizations on all aspects of the effects of the use of weapons containing depleted uranium and to submit a report thereon to the General Assembly at its [61st] session.\n# Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its [one of its next sessions / 61st ] session an item entitled “Concerns about weapons containing depleted uranium". \n!! Annex\n<<<\n<<tiddler "Draft Convention on the prohibition of development, production, stockpiling, transfer and use of uranium weapons and on their destruction">>\n<<<

Friends\n\nFollowing the discussion of a draft declaration for the conference, here is a preliminary draft of a proposed declaration /resolution for the [[60th Annual DPI/NGO Conference]] that is based on an affirmation of a vision inspired by the [[Declaration on a Culture of Peace]] begins grows out of an attempt to elaborate and describe a common vision with which the earlier draft urged us to unite. The draft also differs in that the operative elements of the resolution are of the form "We resolve to ..." in lieu of a set of recommendations.\n\n''Please note'': This is a very preliminary draft.\n\n//We hold a vision of an Earth restored//:\n* in which the [[Purposes and Principles of the United Nations]] are fulfilled, the [[Millennium Development Goals]] have been realized and where all people are able to live in peace, with freedom, dignity and access to education and meaningful work, with adequate shelter, food and freshwater, and in healthy and balanced relationships with the natural environment;\n* in which those who live with an abundance of material comfort have become aware and accountable for the come to understand more deeply the meaning and responsibilities of wealth and are guided by values of responsible stewardship, rather than by greed and ever-expanding acquisition of power;\n* in which knowledge is recognized as the true source of wealth, supported by our learning to work in a digital environment in which abundance is essentially free of the constraints of the laws of conservation of mass and energy, and where there is virtually unlimited space for freedom of expression, freedom of association and for productive, creative and collaborative work;\n* where resilience has displaced efficiency and expansion as a principle virtue in agriculture and business, where laws and markets no longer mandate short-term profits as more important than the long-term health of an enterprise, where "external costs" are fully accounted and paid for, and where the market failures that have sustained dangerous climate change, waste and pollution have been rectified;\n* in which the foundations of a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence has been established, where dialog, diplomacy and peaceful resolution of conflict have displaced the use of massively destructive military force as a means of settling disagreements, and where our responses to terror are guided by wisdom, understanding and compassion, not by fear or revenge;\n* where the voices and concerns of all people - especially of the poor, the disadvantaged, minorities and indigenous people, and of women of all ages - are heard in the public spaces and by those who govern nations, provinces, cities and communities;\n* with clean, renewable and safe sources of energy and without the use of nuclear energy;\n* where geoengineering and weather manipulation programs, whether for military or commercial purposes, are no longer conducted\n* where the [[Precautionary principle]] is respected,\n* where the beauty and wonders of the natural world are valued in their own right\n* where people have understood that the climate change crisis is at the center of a set of interlocking global crises that have grown out of unsustainable pattens of development fueled by insatiable desires for material comfort and financial profits, \n//Recognizing// the magnitude of the threats that climate change poses to our vision, and\n\n//Especially mindful// that it will be our children and our children's children who will face ever more dangerous consequences of climate change if we are unwilling to curb and generations into the future\n\n//We are resolved to//:\n* become more aware of our own impact on climate change - at home, at work and in the civic life of our communities, cities and nations - and to take steps to reduce our individual and collective contribution to dangerous greenhouse gases and global warming\n* discover and develop new ways of working together and of gathering, sharing and exchanging information within and without our organizations\n* promote awareness of the causes and dangers of climate change, and the adoption of responsible policies and practices\n* participate in the development of a free and open "Creative Commons" curriculum on all aspects of climate change and\n* learn how to live in balance with the Earth and in peace with each other.

Welcome to [[Climate Change 2.0]], and to the opportunity to listen & see a remarkable presentation, [[A View from Water Level|A View from Water Level: Jill Fredston]], by Jill Fredston, Co-Director of the Alaskan Mountain Safety Center, made at CUNY Graduate Center in New York in December at [[Cambridge in America Day 2006|Cambridge in America Day 2006: What Future for Life on Earth?]]. Please also explore a host of other resources on this site - developed on the brilliant TiddlyWiki platform, a self-contained, single-file Open Source platform for wiki web sites.

''Governmental agreements''\n* [[Rio Declaration on Environment and Development]]\n* [[Agenda 21]] \n* [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]]\n* [[Convention on Biological Diversity]]\n* [[Forest Principles|Non-legally binding authoritative statement of principles for a global consensus on the management, conservation and sustainable development of all types of forests]]\n''NGO agreements''\n* [[NGO Alternative Treaties]]\n''See also''\n* [[Our Common Future]]

The ''Earthwatch Institute'' - http://www.earthwatch.org

''Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review'' is a major publication, published in October 2006, that was commissioned by the Treasury Department of the British Government with the mandate of reviewing the issue of the economic dimensions of climate change - a key area that has not previously gained sufficient attention. \n\nThe web-based version of the ''Stern Review'' has been "translated" by the [[NGO Committee on Education]] into the "language" of a TiddlyWikiPerfect platform, with the contents housed in a DataPerfect database from which the tiddlers and tags were generated, and is designed to optimize the accessibility and navigability of the contents of the report for reading in a digital environment, and to begin to raise the vital issue of the economics of information as it relates to climate change. The original, official version of the report was published in a pdf version. - a format that is optimized for print rather than for on-screen reading, and that is relatively cumbersome to navigate through the contents; to improve the online value of the pdf files of the Stern Review, an extensive set of bookmarks have been added to the pdf files - none having been included in the official pdf files - to make it easier for those who prefer to read the online version to find their way around the lengthy review..\n\nThe TiddlyWikiPerfect version of the Stern Review also includes a shortened Executive Summary - the original being more than thirty pages long, and highlights the key concepts\n\nhttp://www.climate-change-two.net/stern-review/

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From [[Education Today Newsletter, February - May 2006|http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=46275&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html]]\n<<<\nEducation for sustainable development is a) teaching basic reading, writing and arithmetic skills to all, b) convincing people why they should not pollute, c) developing knowledge, skills and programmes that will end poverty for good, d) learning how to make decisions for the good of the whole community? Answer: all of the above.\n<<<\nType “sustainable development” into an internet search engine and you’ll get more than 60 million hits. Search under “education for sustainable development” and you’ll find close to 600,000 entries.\n\nClearly, sustainable development means a great many things to a great many people. There is no easy definition, nor is there one central issue or regional perspective around which world opinion has easily coalesced. Rather, we have a constantly evolving laundry list of issues – climate change, water resource management, gender inequality, biodiversity, urban decay, sustainable consumption, poverty reduction and genetically-modified food – to name a few.\n\nDeveloping and middle-income countries are struggling with different issues and challenges than developed countries. And while many would agree that the present course of action is unsustainable, there is lack of clear consensus on what to do next.\n\nAnd this makes the task of educating for sustainable development all the more complicated. “It forces us to struggle with values and our value systems,” sums up Mary Joy Pigozzi, Director for the Promotion of Quality Education at UNESCO, which is the lead agency for the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD).\n!!A complex progress of change\n“Sustainable development must be more than just a slogan,” insists UNESCO Director-General Koïchiro Matsuura. “It must be a concrete reality for all of us – individuals, organizations, governments – in all of our daily decisions and actions.”\n\nLaunched internationally on 1 March 2005, the DESD takes the broadest possible approach to conceptualizing sustainable development as a complex process of change heavily reliant upon local contexts, needs and priorities. It builds upon a concept first articulated in the 1987 UN report, [[Our Common Future|http://www.un-documents.net/wecd-ocf.htm]]: “Sustainable development is meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”\n\nEducation for Sustainable Development (ESD) therefore is viewed as more than just simply environmental education, encompassing learning about human rights and conflict resolution, good governance, economics, the arts and culture as well. It is a multi-disciplinary and dynamic approach to educational reform, one that offers people at all stages of life and in all learning contexts – both formal and non-formal – the opportunity to learn the lifestyles and values necessary to create a sustainable future.\n\n“ESD must go beyond the frontiers generally set by current educational and learning practices,” says Aline Bory-Adams of UNESCO Paris. She adds, “one of the central challenges of the Decade is how to translate this complex vision into textbooks, curricula, teaching and learning methods and national education policies.”\n!!Towards a new kind of learning\n“The problem is you are dealing with different assumptions, in different disciplines,” says Natarajan Ishwaran, Director of Ecological and Earth Sciences at UNESCO. “People differ in their understandings of sustainable development, knowledge and education.” Ishwaran is responsible for the Man and the Biosphere (MAB) programme, which has been trying to encourage people from different disciplines to collaborate, under the hypothesis that such interdisciplinary co-operation is essential to attain DESD goals.\n\nIn the future, Ishwaran hopes the UNESCO Biosphere Reserves, under the MAB programme will become “learning laboratories” for the Decade, putting special emphasis on converting reality-based learning into educational tools and converting context specific case studies into curriculum resources.\nMoreover, he thinks experiential learning is key to the success of ESD. “You can’t just talk only about principals and concepts. You have to talk from real life experience and practice.”\n!!Action plans and strategies\nAs partnerships are formed between educators, NGOs, community activists and policy-makers and as a growing body of knowledge develops to give real-world form to the abstract notion of ESD, the greatest promise of the Decade is that a new paradigm of education for sustainable development will take hold.\n\n“The Decade invites us to celebrate our achievements to date,” adds Wynn Calder, Associate Director of the USA-based University Leaders for a Sustainable Future. “And it calls us on to look forward ten years, to envision what we hope to achieve, and to create a strategy for getting there.”\n\nNow celebrating its first anniversary, the DESD has been so far about deliberations at the international, regional and national level to formulate action plans and strategies.\n\nThe final version of the [[International Implementation Scheme|International Implementation Scheme - UNESCO]], approved by UNESCO’s Executive Board last September, sets out a broad framework for all partners to contribute to the Decade. It provides overall guidance and shows why, how, when and where the enormous range of partners can develop their contributions.\n\nMeanwhile, the equally challenging work of fostering links with the Decade’s activities and other UN initiatives like the Millennium Development Goals, Literacy Decade and Education for All, as well as with UN agencies, is also getting off the ground. Examples of concrete activities include a joint UNEP-UNESCO project spearheaded by UNESCO’s Nairobi office to expand environmental research and training at African universities and by the UNEP-Tongji office to expand post-graduate degrees and scholarships in Chinese universities.\n!!Localizing the approach\nThe broad and varied response to the DESD is most evident at the regional and national level in nearly all regions and the 40 countries that have formally launched the Decade.\n\nThe Europe and North America region was the first to officially adopt its strategy shortly after the UN launch in March 2005. Now the region is focused on developing indicators to measure the effectiveness of the implementation of its strategy by the end of 2006. This is, in fact, seen as a critical component in the overall success of the DESD and it is hoped that this attempt, along with the efforts of other regions to formulate their own measures of success, will form the basis of the next generation of thinking about ESD.\n\nThe Asia and the Pacific region, has also contributed significantly to the start of the Decade by conducting an in-depth analysis of the ESD efforts of every country and sub-region in its constituency. UNESCO Bangkok’s Situational Analysis gives an excellent glimpse into both the challenges and opportunities facing many countries in this part of the world.\n\nOne trend clearly emerges. While all of the countries in the region have incorporated Environmental Education (EE) into their curriculum to some extent, there is very little implementation or even basic understanding of the emerging concept of ESD. In the Pacific, South Asia, and Central Asia, the survey notes that many practitioners, especially those who are not in the environmental field, mistakenly think that EE and ESD hold the same meaning and use the terms interchangeably. Southeast Asian countries, such as Viet Nam, understand ESD as the pre-eminent challenge of the 21st century and are beginning to think creatively about how to incorporate these practices into their formal and non-formal education systems.\n!!Institutionalizing commitment\nThis underscores the necessity for understanding and leadership amongst national governments and officials from a variety of ministries – not just environmental departments.\n\nAccording to Derek Elias, who coordinates UNESCO’s ESD activities in the Asia Pacific region, Iran, Japan, New Zealand and Viet Nam are amongst the countries taking the lead at developing ESD at the national level. For example, Iran developed a charter on the Sustainable Development of the Earthquake Stricken City of Bam. “These countries are really helping us in our task of raising awareness,” he says.\n\nAwareness also helps with fundraising. Calder, who recently wrote an in-depth status report on global DESD efforts, says it is clear that the Decade is helping to direct more funding toward ESD. “That’s part of its power,” he says. This is especially important since the UN offers very little funding for DESD-related activities.\n\nGermany, notes Calder, has perhaps gone the furthest in establishing and funding a National Committee for the Decade to bring together a cross-section of experts and institutions including the Education, Development and Environment Ministries, parliamentarians and the States, NGOs, the media and private enterprise. “There is enough interest in Germany amongst people who can actually make things happen. There is buy-in at the highest level,” he says. Much more common is the approach taken by such countries as Japan and the United States that rely on private, voluntary networking organizations to promote DESD.\n!!Re-orienting existing programmes\nMore countries are taking the route that China has chosen by expanding current environmental education programmes and experimenting with ESD pilot projects. China’s “Education for Environment, Population and Sustainable Development” programme was initially launched in 1998 and aimed at providing interdisciplinary and moral education to teenagers. Now reaching 3,000 schools and over one million students, it is being expanded to incorporate primary school students as well. Organizers note the success of the pilot project is changing national educators’ minds about ESD and say it could serve as the basis for a national curriculum initiative.\n\nThe “Sandwatch Initiative” is another interesting example of how environmental education programmes are being re-formatted and re-energized to adapt to the new priorities. This programme was initially started in the Caribbean with the aim of incorporating information about the problems facing surrounding coastal environments and fragile marine habitats into traditional classes such as biology, woodworking, literature, mathematics, information technology and drama. This successful programme is now being adapted for use in other island nations in the Pacific and Indian Oceans.\n!!Teaching values\nPerhaps most importantly, the Decade has also inspired local action. One of many examples is in South Africa where the first Youth Environmental Symposium for the City of Cape Town brought together students of different backgrounds from twenty-one schools to discuss sustainable living.\n\nThis project, as well as the many other community-based projects inspired by the principles of ESD, is serving as a building block for the future of the movement. “This is about establishing ownership of ESD as broadly as possible. It is about reinforcing each other’s positive contributions,” says Derek Elias who takes every opportunity he can to remind activists in his region that, “you are part of a larger groundswell, you are not standing alone.”\n\nThe bottom line is that for the Decade to be successful, people must make sense of it in their own terms. “Educating for Sustainable Development is not another lofty, unattainable notion,” comments Pigozzi. “It’s a necessity”, she says.\n\nOr as one schoolgirl from New Zealand put it simply when asked to help create a play celebrating the launch of the Decade in her country: “It’s about making the good things last longer.”

Type the text for 'Education for Sustainable Development'

<<tiddler "DPI/NGO Workshop">> [[edit contents|DPI/NGO Workshop]]

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http://globalresearch.ca/articles/GIL401A.html

!! [[Climate Change Summer]]\n[[The time is now]] +++\n[[Time for learning]]\n[[Time for teaching]]\n[[Time for sharing]]\n[[Time for action]]\n[[Time for transformation]]\n===\n\n!! [[Melting ice]] +++\n===\n\n!! [[Climate Change Summer platforms]] - a free market mechanism +++\n[[TiddlyWiki / TiddlyWikiPerfect]] +++\n[[TiddlyWiki]] +++\n[[Tiddlers]]\n[[Javascript]]\n[[Plugin macros]]\n[[Tiddler exchange]]\n\n[[TWHelp]]\n[[TiddlyWiki@googlegroups.com]]\n[[TiddlyTools]]\n[[TiddlyStyles]]\n===\n\n[[DataPerfect]]\n[[WordPerfect 5.1+]]\n[[TiddlyWikiPerfect]]\n===\n\n[[Firefox]] +++\n[[Firefox extensions]] +++\n[[Google Toolbar for Firefox]]\n[[DownThemAll]]\n[[Web developer]]\n[[Firefox Showcase]]\n===\n\n===\n[[What Future for Life on Earth?|Cambridge in America Day 2006: What Future for Life on Earth?]] +++\n[[A View from Water Level|A View from Water Level: Jill Fredston]]\n[[Biodiversity and Poverty|Biodiversity and Poverty: The Challenge for Conservation: Bill Adams]]\n[[Conservation Sciences|Future Directions in Conservation Sciences: William Sutherland]]\n[[Panel Discussion|What Future for Life on Earth? Panel Discussion]]\n===\n\n[[Climate Change 2.0 Elements|Climate Change 2.0 - Elements]] +++\n[[Many Voices, One World]]\n[[Our Common Future]]\n[[Economics of Climate Change|Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review]]\n[[IPCC Fourth Assessment Report]]\n[[Confronting Climate Change]]\n[[Global Outlook on Ice & Snow]]\n[[Melting Ice - A Hot Topic]]\n[[Rescuing a Planet Under Stress|Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble: Plan B 2.1 (beta)]]\n[[Key Documents|Key Documents on Climate Change]]\n===\n===\n\n!! [[Climate of Cooperation]] +++\n[[Creative Commons]] +++\n[[Economics of information]]\n* [[Zero marginal cost]]\n[[The Wealth of Networks]]\n[[Open Source software]]\n[[Blogs & Wikis]]\n[[Streaming media]]\n===\n\n[[Larger Freedoms]] +++\n[[Freedom of expression]]\n[[Freedom of the press]]\n[[Freedom of association]]\n===\n\n[[Information Ecology]] +++\n[[Information habitats]]\n[[Information species]]\n[[Web 2.0]]\n\n[[Software Contributions]]\n===\n\n===\n\n!! [[Sustainable Development]] +++\n[[Our Common Future]]\n[[United Nations Decade|United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development]]\n[[Vision & Definition of ESD]]\n[[Key Documents|Key Documents on Education for Sustainable Development]] +++\n[[Human Environment, 1972]] ++++\n[[Stockholm Declaration|Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment]]\n[[Action Plan|Action Plan for the Human Environment|United Nations Conference on the Human Environment]]\n===\n\n[[Environmental Education, 1977|Tbilisi Intergovernmental Conference on Environmental Education]] ++++\n[[Tbilisi Declaration|Declaration of the Tbilisi Intergovernmental Conference on Environmental Education]]\n[[Tbilisi Recommendations|Recommendations of the Tbilisi Intergovernmental Conference on Environmental Education]]\n===\n\n[[Earth Summit, 1992]] ++++\n[[Rio Declaration|Rio Declaration on Environment and Development]]\n[[Agenda 21]] +++\n[[Chapter 36]]\n[[Education References|Education References in Agenda 21]]\n[[Information and Communication|Information and Communication in Agenda 21]]\n[[Access and Participation|Access and Participation in Agenda 21]]\n===\n\n===\n\n[[Sustainable Development, 2002|World Summit on Sustainable Development]] ++++\n[[Johannesburg Declaration|Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development]]\n[[Education|"Education" in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation]]\n===\n\n[[Women]] +++\n[[Declaration of Mexico]]\n[[Forward Looking Strategies|Forward Looking Strategies, Nairobi, 1985]]\n[[Peace, Development and Security|Fifth World Conference on Women]] +++\n[[Beijing Declaration]]\n===\n\n===\n\n[[Education For All, 1990]] ++++\n[[Jomtein Declaration|World Declaration on Education For All: Meeting Basic Learning Needs]]\n===\n\n[[Amman Affirmation|The Amman Affirmation: Education for All: Achieving the goal]]\n[[Dakar Framework for Action|Dakar Framework for Education For All]]\n===\n\n===\n\n!! [[Subscribe to Climate Change Summer]]\n!! [[About us]]\n!! [[60th Annual DPI/NGO Conference]] +++\n[[Planning Committee|DPI/NGO Conference Planning Committee]]\n[[Networking Sub-Committee]]\n[[Youth & Technology Challenge]]\n===\n\n!! [[The Conference Of NGOs|Conference Of NGOs]]\n!! [[NGO Committee on Education]] +++\n[[Meetings]]\n[[Executive Committee]]\n[[Information and Communications|Information and Communications Sub-Committee]]\n[[By-laws]]\n[[DPI/NGO Workshop]]\n===\n

//{{{\n// WebSnapr - Preview Bubble Javascript\n// Written by Juan Xavier Larrea\n// Adapted for TW by Saq Imtiaz\n// requires [[this image|bg.png]]\n\nfunction applyStyleString(obj,str) {\n if(document.all && !window.opera) {\n obj.style.setAttribute("cssText",str);\n } else {\n obj.setAttribute("style",str);\n }\n}\n\n// Point this variable to the correct location of the bg.png file\nvar bubbleImagePath = 'bg.png';\n\nfunction getElementsByClassName(oElm, strTagName, strClassName){\n var arrElements = (strTagName == "*" && oElm.all)? oElm.all : oElm.getElementsByTagName(strTagName);\n var arrReturnElements = new Array();\n strClassName = strClassName.replace(/\s-/g, "\s\s-");\n var oRegExp = new RegExp("(^|\s\ss)" + strClassName + "(\s\ss|$)");\n var oElement;\n for(var i=0; i<arrElements.length; i++){\n oElement = arrElements[i]; \n if(oRegExp.test(oElement.className)){\n arrReturnElements.push(oElement);\n } \n }\n return (arrReturnElements)\n}\n\nfunction bindBubbles(e){\n lbActions=getElementsByClassName(document,"a","externalLink");\n for(i=0;i<lbActions.length;i++){\n addEvent(lbActions[i],"mouseover",attachBubble,false);\n addEvent(lbActions[i],"mouseout",detachBubble,false);\n lbActions[i].title = '';\n }\n}\n\nfunction attachBubble(_b){\n var _c;\n if(_b["srcElement"]){\n _c=_b["srcElement"];\n }else{\n _c=_b["target"];\n }\n if (_c.href == undefined){\n _c=_c.parentNode;\n }\n var _d=_c.href;\n var _e=findPosX(_c) +5;\n var _f=findPosY(_c) +17; \n var _10=document.createElement("div");\n document.getElementsByTagName("body")[0].appendChild(_10);\n _10.className="previewbubble";\n applyStyleString(_10,"text-align: center; z-index: 99999; position: absolute; top: "+_f+"px ; left: "+_e+"px ; width: 240px; height: 190px; padding: 0; margin: 0;");\n if (config.browser.isIE)\n _10.style.filter="progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='" + bubbleImagePath + "',sizingMethod='image')";\n else\n _10.style.background= "url("+ bubbleImagePath +") no-repeat";\n var img=document.createElement("img");\n _10.appendChild(img);\n\n applyStyleString(img,"padding-top: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-right: 0; padding-bottom: 0; margin-top: 27px; margin-left: 12px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-right: 0; border: 0");\n img.setAttribute("src","http://images.websnapr.com/?url="+_d);\n img.setAttribute("width",202);\n img.setAttribute("height",152);\n img.setAttribute("alt","Snapshot");\n}\n\nfunction detachBubble(_12){\n lbActions=getElementsByClassName(document,"div","previewbubble");\n for(i=0;i<lbActions.length;i++){\n lbActions[i].parentNode.removeChild(lbActions[i]);\n }\n}\n\nold_websnapr_refreshTiddler = Story.prototype.refreshTiddler;\nStory.prototype.refreshTiddler = function(title,template,force)\n{\n var tiddlerElem = old_websnapr_refreshTiddler.apply(this,arguments);\n bindBubbles();\n return tiddlerElem;\n}\n//}}}

Faye C. Feller has had a lifelong involvement with multi-cultural arts and education programs for children and youth. She is currently Executive Director of the National Association of Women for the Arts, and serves as ~Co-Chair of the [[NGO Committee on Education]] at the United Nations and as a U.N. Representative for [[Information Habitat: Where Information Lives]], an NGO in Special Consultative Status with ECOSOC that has focused on the transformative opportunities of the Internet revolution.\n\nFaye’s work with the NGO Committee on Education is focused on a major initiative in support of the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development, the International Decade for a Culture of Peace and ~Non-Violence for the Children of the World, the Decade of Action: Water for Life and the Second Decade of the World’s Indigenous People.\n\nFaye developed a prototype Science Seekers program as an after-school program for Middle School students at the Rotary Learning Lab in East Harlem; she has worked with student-led initiatives Peace in Public Places and Pumped up for Peace, which is featured on the U.N.'s Cyberschoolbus web site. Faye has served on the New York City Task Force for the ~Gandhi-King Season of Nonviolence.

''~FeedBlitz'' - [[www.feedblitz.com/|http://www.feedblitz.com/]] - is a powerful two-way broadcasting tool that you can use in conjunction with [[RSS feeds]] to publish a set of newsletters to which readers are able to subscribe, either - or both - of two ways: via an email subscription - [img[http://www.feedblitz.com/images/email.gif]], or through an [[RSS feed|RSS feeds]] - [img[http://www.feedblitz.com/images/rss.gif]]. ''~FeedBlitz'' offers free publishing services, in which advertisements are included, as well as ad-free premium services.

[[img|wg2-fig-spm-1-600x305.png]]\nLocations of significant changes in observations of physical systems (snow, ice and frozen ground; hydrology; and coastal processes) and biological systems (terrestrial, marine, and freshwater biological systems), are shown together with surface air temperature changes over the period 1970-2004. A subset of about 29,000 data series was selected from about 80,000 data series from 577 studies. These met the following criteria: (1) Ending in 1990 or later; (2) spanning a period of at least 20 years; and (3) showing a significant change in either direction, as assessed in individual studies. These data series are from about 75 studies (of which ~70 are new since the Third Assessment) and contain about 29,000 data series, of which about 28,000 are from European studies. White areas do not contain sufficient observational climate data to estimate a temperature trend. The 2 x 2 boxes show the total number of data series with significant changes (top row) and the percentage of those consistent with warming (bottom row) for (i) continental regions: North America (NAM), Latin America (LA), Europe (EUR), Africa (AFR), Asia (AS), Australia and New Zealand (ANZ), and Polar Regions (PR) and (ii) global-scale: Terrestrial (TER), Marine and Freshwater (MFW), and Global (GLO). The numbers of studies from the seven regional boxes (NAM, …, PR) do not add up to the global (GLO) totals because numbers from regions except Polar do not include the numbers related to Marine and Freshwater (MFR) systems. [F1.8, F1.9; Working Group I Fourth Assessment F3.9b]

<<<\n[>img[http://www.newswithviews.com/Peterson/Images/Fluorescent-Light-Bulb.gif]] May 14, 2007\n[[NewsWithViews.com|http://newswithviews.com]]\n\nThere is a movement by many states and localities to ban incandescent light bulbs and convert to total use of fluorescent bulbs (CFL) to save energy. And yet there are few who have read the small print on the tiny inside package label of fluorescent bulbs or heard about the EPA's problems with regard to mercury contamination. What should you know about fluorescent light bulbs?\n# Heat resistant glass is used in these bulbs. The quartz arc tube, when operating creates light by generating a considerable amount of Ultraviolet (UV) radiation. How much exposure to this UV radiation goes through the heat resistant glass and what are the human health problems associated with this exposure? How does the public know that the exposure is safe for children and adults?\n# If the glass is broken serious skin burn and eye inflammation from short-wave ultraviolet radiation may occur. Many of these fluorescent bulbs are constructed without automatic shut offs if the light bulbs are broken, thus exposing people to this type of harmful UV radiation.\n# In the workplace many employees subjected to this type of lighting develop eyestrain and headaches. In many cases the flickering of these types of lights causes workplace eyestrain and irritation from the lighting being too bright. These issues do not appear to have any solutions at this time other than the use of incandescent light bulbs.\n# According to California Assembly Bill 1109 (2007) Section (e): "...Most fluorescent lighting products contain hazardous levels of mercury. Most incandescent lighting products contain hazardous levels of lead. California prohibits disposing of hazardous lighting products in the solid waste stream. The hazardous materials in these products can be managed through recycling, but current recycling opportunities and levels are virtually nonexistent for most consumers..." Fluorescent light bulbs contain both mercury and lead.\n# According to California Assembly Bill 1109 (2007) Section (f): "Fluorescent lighting products delivering the same level of light at the same level of efficiency can have widely varying levels of mercury..." It appears that the product labels do not designate the levels of mercury in their products so that consumers can pick the ones with the lowest level of mercury to use and for toxic waste disposal. (Vote no on California Assembly Bill 722.)\n# Whether or not shifting from incandescent lighting to fluorescent light will result in a net reduction of mercury emissions due to the displacement of coal fired electricity generation is questionable at this time. More highly polluting production plants using mercury will need to be put online making fluorescent bulbs to replace incandescent bulbs. In addition, the lack of recycling will put this mercury into landfills where it will leach into drinking water sources and contaminate landfills as is the case at the present time.\n# Clean up instructions for mercury broken bulbs are not provided on the outside of fluorescent manufacturer's packaging at this time. Therefore, consumers are not aware of the following EPA facts:\n## "Never use a vacuum cleaner to clean up mercury. The vacuum will put mercury into the air and increase exposure. The vacuum appliance will be contaminated and have to be disposed of in a hazard waste disposal site."\n## "Never use a broom to clean up mercury..."\n## "Never wash mercury contaminated items in a washing machine. Mercury may contaminate the machine and/or pollute sewage."\n## Everyone should be removed from the area where the spill occurred; this includes pets. The impacted areas should be sealed off from other areas and all ventilation systems should be turned off from the impacted area.\n## "Never walk around as your shoes might be contaminated with mercury. Contaminated clothing can spread mercury around." In case of fire the entire area will be contaminated with mercury and should be sealed off from any type of use.\n## If a spill occurs on carpet, curtains, upholstery or other like surfaces, these contaminated items should be thrown away in accordance..." and with assistance of your local hazard waste disposal site.\n# The outside label on most fluorescent light bulbs does not carry this hazard information leading the public to believe that these bulbs are safe and that they do not need special recycling as hazardous wastes. And the outside label does not let you know that used bulbs should be placed in containers where they can't be broken prior to disposal.\nAccording to an [[article written by Joseph Farah|Consumers in dark over risks of new light bulbs. Joseph Farah]], in ~WorldNetDaily, on April 16, 2007, is the following statement: "...But with limited recycling prospects and the problems experienced...some think the government, the green community, and industry are putting the cart before the horse..." when they ferociously market fluorescent light bulbs. According to this article one local citizen in Prospect, Maine has to raise $2,000 to have an environmental cleanup firm do the work and her homeowners insurance won't cover the cost.\n\nNow we have ~Vice-President Al Gore with books, movies, and speeches promoting the use of fluorescent light bulbs knowing fully well that they are not safe. Some do catch fire if not used in the proper lighting fixtures, which do not include, for example, track, recessed or dimmer fixtures. (Many packages are not clearly marked on this subject.) And known solutions to the problems associated with fluorescent light bulbs are five to ten years away. And prior to any ban on incandescent light bulbs there should be collection and disposal sites available everywhere for these types of products.\n\nAmericans also want built-in protections from mercury contamination for air, soil and water supplies prior to any mass changeover to this type of light bulb. Why are these types of light bulbs being promoted when they may not be safe for consumers to use and dispose of when broken?\n\nNew lighting systems could be found that work better than either incandescent or fluorescent bulbs. Technological inventions could reduce the amount of electricity used by incandescent bulbs and a whole new generation of lighting systems could be put online like LED lights which may or may not be proven safe with regards to public health. With recycling about ten years away industry could be working on mercury free fluorescent lighting systems to meet energy reduction requirements. We need safe inventions first before we ban incandescent light bulbs.\n\nThe EPA warns everyone that "...Mercury has long been known to have toxic effects on human and wildlife...Mercury is a toxic, persistent, bioaccumulative pollutant that affects the nervous system...As it moves through the environmental media, mercury undergoes a series of complex chemical and physical transformations..." Local, state, and federal agencies should be working to reduce the amount of mercury in the environment not promoting more usage of this highly toxic chemical. No one currently knows how many fluorescent bulbs are in landfills at this time. If we expand their usage we are adding to a monumental mercury pollution problem. We definitely need recycling before we need to use more of these fluorescent light bulbs.\n\nWhere are thousands of these fluorescent bulbs, made from (a polluting industry), going to be recycled in the future if we ban incandescent bulbs? Are there recycling centers that can handle mercury contamination from these types of bulbs and take care of clean up when these bulbs are broken in your home and in landfills where they may be dumped? The public has many questions and few answers. Contact your elected representatives and find out where they stand on this important issue. Vote no on legislation that would ban incandescent light bulbs in California and other states. We can have safe and energy efficient light bulbs in the future if we work toward those goals today.\n!! Information on Fluorescent Light Bulbs\n# [[EPA FACT Sheet 2007 - Mercury Hazards Light|Frequently Asked Questions. Information on Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) and Mercury. EPA]], http://www.epa.gov/mercury/spills/cflcleanup.pdf\n# [[General Electric 2007 Health Hazards MSDS Bulbs|http://www.gelighting.com/na/business_lighting/education_resources/environmental/downloads/msd/msds_mercury_vapor_lamps.pdf]]\n# [[Wikipedia Definition|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp]]\n# "[[Consumers in dark over risks of new light bulbs. Joseph Farah]]" Push for energy-saving fluorescents ignores mercury disposal hazards. ~WorldNetDaily. http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=55213\n# [[EPA Mercury|http://www.epa.gov/oppt/library/pubs/archive/pbt-archive/hgaction.htm]]\n# [[EPA Mercury|http://www.epa.gov/oppt/library/pubs/archive/pbt-archive/hgaction.htm#B]]\n# [[How to handle Broken Fluorescent Bulbs|Handling Small Numbers of Broken Fluorescent Bulbs, National Electrical Manufacturers Association]], , National Electrical Manufacturers Association.\n# California State Bill # [[AB 722 (2007) Contact your State Representatives today|http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgibin/postquery?bill_number=ab_722&sess=CUR&house=B&author=levine]]!\n# California State Bill # AB1109 [[Hazardous Waste in Light Bulbs|http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/07-08/bill/asm/ab_1101-1150/ab_1109_bill_20070412_amended_asm_v97.pdf]] (2007)\n# EPA [[How to Handle Hazardous Wastes like Mercury 2007|http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/osw/index.htm]]\n# [[Mercury spills, cleanup instructions|http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/mercury/faq/spills.htm]], EPA !! Information on the EPA\n# [[U.S. Environment Protection Agency|http://www.epa.gov/]]\n# [[History of the Environmental Protection Agency|http://www.epa.gov/history/]]\n# [[Historical Time Line EPA|http://www.epa.gov/history/timeline/index.htm]]\n# [[EPA Mercury Pollution|http://www.epa.gov/mercury/]]\n# [[Wikipedia|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency]]\n# [[Global Climate Change - EPA|http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/]]\n# [[Why are EPA libraries closing|http://www.inthesetimes.com/article/3018/why_are_epa_libraries_closing/]]?

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[>img[http://www.greeninstitute.net/images/upload/frans.verhagen.jpg]]\nFrans C. Verhagen, M. Div., M.I.A., Ph.D. is an environmental/sustainability sociologist, who specializes in four areas. His first specialization is in sustainability education as director of sustainability research and education at [[Earth and Peace Education Associates International|http://www.globalepe.org]] (EPE) in New York City. Since founding the first New York State Green Party local in 1989, he has been writing and organizing around sustainable aviation matters. He has been the president of the metro NY citizen sustainable aviation movement, [[SAFE, Inc.|http://www.metronyaviation.org]] (Sane Aviation For Everyone, Inc.), for the last ten years and president of [[Citizens Aviation Watch Association|http://www.us-caw.org]], the national movement for the last three years. He teaches sustainable aviation at [[Vaughn College|http://www.vaughn.edu]].\n\n''Detailed CV'': http://www.metronyaviation.org/cvfrans.html

<<<\nMay 2007\nOrginal: http://www.epa.gov/mercury/spills/cflcleanup.pdf\n<<<\n!! Why should people use ~CFLs?\n<<<\nSwitching from traditional light bulbs to ~CFLs is an effective, accessible change every American can make right now to reduce energy use at home and prevent greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global climate change. Lighting accounts for close to 20 percent of the average home’s electric bill. ENERGY STAR qualified ~CFLs use up to 75 percent less energy than incandescent light bulbs, last up to 10 times longer, cost little up front, and provide a quick return on investment.\n\nIf every home in America replaced just one incandescent light bulb with an ENERGY STAR qualified CFL, in one year it would save enough energy to light more than 3 million homes and prevent greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to those of more than 800,000 cars.\n<<<\n!! Do ~CFLs contain mercury?\n<<<\n~CFLs contain a very small amount of mercury sealed within the glass tubing – an average of 5 milligrams – about the amount that would cover the tip of a ball-point pen. By comparison, older thermometers contain about 500 milligrams of mercury. It would take 100 ~CFLs to equal that amount.\n\nMercury currently is an essential component of ~CFLs and is what allows the bulb to be an efficient light source. No mercury is released when the bulbs are intact or in use. Many manufacturers have taken significant steps to reduce mercury used in their fluorescent lighting products. In fact, the average amount of mercury in a CFL is anticipated to drop by the end of 2007 thanks to technology advances and a commitment from members of the National Electrical Manufacturers Association.\n<<<\n!! What precautions should I take when using ~CFLs in my home?\n<<<\n~CFLs are made of glass and can break if dropped or roughly handled. Be careful when removing the bulb from its packaging, installing it, or replacing it. Always screw and unscrew the lamp by its base (not the glass), and never forcefully twist the CFL into a light socket. If a CFL breaks in your home, follow the clean-up recommendations below. Used ~CFLs should be disposed of properly (see below).\n<<<\n!! What should I do with a CFL when it burns out?\n<<<\nEPA recommends that consumers take advantage of available local recycling options for compact fluorescent light bulbs. EPA is working with CFL manufacturers and major U.S. retailers to expand recycling and disposal options. Consumers can contact their local municipal solid waste agency directly, or go to epa.gov/bulbrecyclingprograms or earth911.org to identify local recycling options.\n\nIf your state permits you to put used or broken ~CFLs in the garbage, seal the bulb in two plastic bags and put it into the outside trash, or other protected outside location, for the next normal trash collection. ~CFLs should not be disposed of in an incinerator.\n\nENERGY STAR qualified ~CFLs have a warranty. If the bulb has failed within the warranty period, return it to your retailer.\n<<<\n!! How should I clean up a broken fluorescent bulb?\n<<<\n//The following steps can be performed by the general public://\n# ''Open a window and leave the room for 15 minutes or more.''\n# ''Carefully scoop up the fragments and powder with stiff paper or cardboard and place them in a sealed plastic bag''.\n#* Use disposable rubber gloves, if available (i.e., do not use bare hands). Wipe the area clean with damp paper towels or disposable wet wipes and place them in the plastic bag.\n#* Do not use a vacuum or broom to clean up the broken bulb on hard surfaces.\n# ''Place all cleanup materials in a second sealed plastic bag''.\n#* Place the first bag in a second sealed plastic bag and put it in the outdoor trash container or in another outdoor protected area for the next normal trash disposal.\n#** Note: some states prohibit such trash disposal and require that broken and unbroken lamps be taken to a local recycling center.\n#* Wash your hands after disposing of the bag.\n# ''If a fluorescent bulb breaks on a rug or carpet'':\n#* First, remove all materials you can without using a vacuum cleaner, following the steps above. Sticky tape (such as duct tape) can be used to pick up small pieces and powder.\n#* If vacuuming is needed after all visible materials are removed, vacuum the area where the bulb was broken, remove the vacuum bag (or empty and wipe the canister) and put the bag or vacuum debris in two sealed plastic bags in the outdoor trash or protected outdoor location for normal disposal.\n<<<\n!! What is mercury?\n<<<\nMercury is an element (Hg on the periodic table) found naturally in the environment. Mercury emissions in the air can come from both natural and man-made sources. Coal-fired power plants are the largest man-made source because mercury that naturally exists in coal is released into the air when coal is burned to make electricity. Coal-fired power generation accounts for roughly 40 percent of the mercury emissions in the U.S.\n\nEPA is implementing policies to reduce airborne mercury emissions. Under regulations EPA issued in 2005, mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants will drop by nearly 70 percent by 2018.\n\nThe use of ~CFLs reduces power demand, which helps reduce mercury emissions from power plants.\n\nFor more information on all sources of mercury, visit http://www.epa.gov/mercury.\n<<<\n\n//EPA is continually reviewing its clean-up and disposal recommendations for ~CFLs to ensure that the Agency presents the most up-to-date information for consumers and businesses.//\n<<<\nFor more information about compact fluorescent bulbs, visit\nhttp://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=cfls.pr_cfls\n<<<

[[Gambling with Gaia: Outline]]\n> //With hopes for Kyoto dimming, some governments may conclude that massive earth restructuring is the only feasible way out//\n\n''Issue'': Kyoto is fading and carbon trading is a farce. Recognizing this, OECD states can either "bite the bullet" and adopt socially-responsible policies to dramatically cut fossil fuel use and useless consumption or, they can hope for a "silver bullet" - some new techno-fix that might let them have their cake and eat it too. The silver bullet may be winning. At the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the US government is lobbying for "geoengineering" activities such as deliberately polluting the stratosphere to deflect sunlight and lower temperatures.^^/1^^ At least 9 national governments and the European Union have supported experiments to spread iron filings on the ocean surface to nurture plankton and sequester carbon dioxide. At least a dozen additional countries are involved in stratospheric weather/climate modification. Commercial carbon traders are engaging in ocean fertilization as well. The scientific debate and the government/commercial experimentation is taking place, once again, in the absence of public discussion.\n\n''Impact'': The "proof of principle" that we can indeed geoengineer the earth's climate is beyond dispute. That's why we have climate change. However, the notion that we can successfully correct our unintentional destructiveness with intentional geoengineering seems ludicrous. For the governments who caused the problem to experiment together on geoengineering solutions - outside the UN and without the participation of the South who bear the brunt of global warming and would likely bear the risks of geoengineering - is a grave miscalculation.\n\n''Fora'': In 1978, at the request of the USA and USSR, the UN General Assembly adopted the Environmental Modification Convention (ENMOD) prohibiting governments from using weather or climate as a weapon against other states. The UN General assembly must reopen debate on its 1978 Treaty in the light of new technologies and new private and public initiatives underway around the world aimed at restructuring the stratosphere and/or the oceans to the advantage of some governments and the disadvantage of others. Other UN agencies dealing with the impact of climate change must also address this issue. This includes the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), UN Environment Programme (UNEP), UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).\n\n''Policies'': The United Nations must reaffirm (and, if necessary, expand) the Environmental Modification Treaty recognizing that any unilateral modification of weather or climate is a threat to neighboring countries and, very likely, the entire international community. Experimentation that could alter the structure of the oceans or the stratosphere should not proceed without public consent and UN authorization. The IPCC should revisit the concept and practice of carbon trading and replace this market-based "solution" with direct measurable standards for CO~~2~~ emission reduction at source. OECD states must redouble their efforts to reduce their consumption of fossil fuels and to curtail other wasteful practices that contribute to global warming. The issue of geoengineering and its far-reaching social, ethical and political implications should be on the agenda of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, 3-14 December 2007 in Bali, and the World Meteorological Organization's 15^^th^^ Congress in May 2007.\n\n> //"Let's quit the debate about whether greenhouse gases are caused by mankind or by natural causes; let's just focus on technologies that deal with the issue."// - US President George W. Bush, May 25,\n\nIn 1975, the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and //Newsweek// magazine joined forces to warn of "the Cooling World"^^/3^^ - the same year that British scientists confirmed a hole over the ozone layer above Antarctica and, coincidentally, the year that the Soviet Union and the United States submitted identical draft treaties to the UN General Assembly prohibiting climate modification as a military weapon.\n\nThirty years later, everybody - including the US president - was talking about Global Warming; scientists warned that the temperature rise on the Arctic ice cap and on Siberian permafrost could "tip" Planet Earth into an environmental tailspin; and, the US Congress agreed to study a bill that would establish a national weather modification research programme.\n\nIn 2006 George W. Bush proposed that a technological silver bullet will help us (or, the US) out of the current eco-quagmire. That silver bullet is most commonly known as geoengineering - the intentional and directed manipulation of the earth and its ecosystems. Geoengineering includes a wide range of schemes: blasting particles of sulfur into the stratosphere to shield us from the sun's rays; dumping iron particles in the oceans to nurture CO~~2~~-absorbing plankton and blasting clouds with chemicals to nudge them into producing rain. University of Calgary physicist, David Keith, refers to geoengineering as "an expedient solution that uses additional technology to counteract unwanted effects without eliminating their root cause." ^^/5^^\n\n''Geoengineering '' Intentional, large-scale manipulation of the environment by humans to bring about environmental change, particularly to counteract the undesired side effects of other human activities.^^/6^^\n\nThere are, of course, human-made threats to the environment. We are, by no means, finished with the fallout from our first chemical adventure, for example. Despite the rekindled public concern that arose with the sudden failure of Sweden's Forsmark nuclear power plant in July, 2006,^^/7^^ nuclear power is making a comeback and at least some in the environmental movement are likely to accept nuclear energy as the only "politically-realistic" alternative to fossil fuels.\n\nIn this //communiqu‚//, ETC Group surveys some of the geoengineering approaches gaining legitimacy among policy-makers and scientists. With the impacts of climate change becoming more evident every day and the need for action more urgent, it's likely that rich, panicky governments will gamble on quick-fixes rather than risk inconveniencing their electorate and/or offending industry. As ludicrous as geoengineering may sound (and turn out to be), governments around the world are aware that some action must be taken quickly. They're also aware that carbon-trading schemes won't put a dent in climate change. Geoengineering warrants serious debate and preemptive action.\n\n''Proof of principle'': Is geoengineering realistic? Unfortunately, humanity has already proven massive earth restructuring to be wonderfully operational. Fill enough wetlands and introduce crop monocultures in enough fields and the ecosystem changes. Cut down enough forests and the climate changes. Build up sufficient industrial pollution and the ozone disappears and the smog rolls in. Geoengineering's "proof of principle" is manifest!\n\n''Geoengineering - a brief history: Stratospheric silver-linings'':\n\nIt has taken us some time to realize the influence we can wield over the planet. Back in 1930, Robert Millikan - physicist and Nobel laureate - insisted there was no danger that human activity could do lasting harm to anything as powerful as earth.^^/8^^ Even as he was speaking, chemists were inventing CFCs - chlorofluorocarbons - the chemical cocktail responsible for thinning stratospheric ozone at an alarming rate, whose use eventually led to intergovernmental action in the mid-1980s: the Vienna and Montréal Accords phased out the production of CFCs.\n\nLikewise, the notion of a technological fix for global warming isn't new either. In the 1940s, Bernard Vonnegut (the novelist Kurt Vonnegut's brother) - a well-respected meteorologist - discovered that silver iodide smoke could cause clouds to give up their rain.^^/9^^ His discovery kick-started serious government efforts to manipulate the environment. Until then, cloud-seeding had been the preserve of crackpots and con artists, but by 1951, 10% of the US was under clouds that had been commercially seeded.^^/10^^ Governments and industry have a sometimes ignoble history tampering with the weather, including the CIA's top secret "Project Popeye"rainmaking campaign that began in 1966 and ran for seven years and 2300 cloud seeding missions over the Ho Chi Minh Trail during the Vietnam War.^^/11^^ The goal was to make the trail impassible and, as a bonus, to drown out North Vietnam's rice crop. While rains did increase, the Air Force couldn't establish a clear link to its covert campaign.\n\nMaking rain has always been a tricky proposition. In 1952, flash flooding in Lynmouth in southwest Britain killed 34 people and was attributed (perhaps mistakenly) to clandestine Royal Air Force experiments at rainmaking.^^/12^^ As the UN Conference on the Human Environment was convening in Stockholm in 1972, a cloudburst drowned 238 people in Rapid City, South Dakota, USA on a day when seeding experiments were going on nearby.^^/13^^ Over time, the public has built up a healthy distrust of both public and private efforts to inject our clouds with artificial silver linings.\n\nRecently, more convincing experiments have focused on "hygroscopic cloud seeding" - that is, warm-cloud seeding, as opposed to cold-cloud seeding (glaciogenic). Results from experiments at the South African National Precipitation and Rainfall Enhancement Programme earned researchers there the United Arab Emirates' 2005 Prize for Excellence in Advancing the Science and Practice of Weather Modification. Other warm-cloud seeding projects have taken place in the USA, Thailand, China, India, Australia, Israel, South Africa, Russia, United Arab Emirates and Mexico.^^/14^^ According to the UN's World Meteorological Organization (WMO), at least 26 governments were routinely conducting weather-altering experiments in 2000.^^/15^^ By 2003-2004, only 16 WMO member countries reported weather modification activities, although weather modification activities are known to have taken place in many additional countries (see map).\n\nMany of the world's military powers remain fascinated with weather control. A US Air Force report entitled //[[Weather as a Force Multiplier: Owning the weather in 2025]]// concluded that the weather "can provide battle space dominance to a degree never before imagined," including the ability to thwart an enemy's operations by enhancing a storm or by inducing drought and making fresh water scarce.^^/16^^ In 2004, two Chinese cities in Henan province - Pingdingshan and Zhoukou - came close to fighting when they both tried to alter local weather patterns by blasting tiny silver iodide particles into the troposphere (the lowest portion of Earth's atmosphere).^^/17^^ The city downwind accused the city upwind of stealing its weather. This hasn't deterred the Chinese government from promising the International Olympic Committee that China will use weather modification to guarantee sunny days for the 2008 Beijing Olympics. If so, they'd better check with the King of Thailand, who - in 2006 - was granted two patents covering rainmaking processes.^^/18^^ It would be a shame if a patent dispute rained on the Olympic parade!\n\nGeopolitical engineering (without Borders) Lessons learned? The history of weather modification - both for economic and military purposes - is unquestionably spotty. Will governments do any better responding to climate change? Governments did act responsibly (though some would argue, belatedly) on ozone depletion and phased out CFCs under the Montréal Protocol of 1987.^^/19^^\n\nThere was no real alternative because the hole in the ozone layer was directly traced to CFCs and the impact led directly to skin cancer on the beaches where rich people holiday. Confronted with the ozone hole, neither industry nor governments could come up with a quick alternative strategy to banning CFCs.\n\nThe causes and implications of climate change are much more complex and there are still many politicians and pundits seeking an upside. In the years since the 1974 discovery of the ozone hole, voters in OECD countries, at least, have been "dumbed-down" and conditioned by corporations and politicians to believe that an effective response to climate change can be achieved painlessly. Today, industry and governments will not just confuse the issue, but point to a technological fix which, they hope, will safeguard the //status quo// of the wealthy.\n\n//The Guardian// recently reported, for example, that the US is unhappy with the draft of a major 3-part report being prepared by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).^^/20^^ The US doesn't care for the report's "focus on the negative effects" of climate change or its rejection of voluntary agreements and is pushing for techno-fix strategies to be given a prominent place in the final report's recommendations.^^/21^^\n\nAnother strategy of the emissions-reduction deniers is to focus on improved efficiency. Clyde Prestos, for example, a much-published corporate cheerleader, enthuses that US motorists now get twice as much out of a barrel of oil than they did in 1975. Using the latest technologies, Prestos asserts, the US could double oil efficiency once more.^^/22^^ It takes 33% less energy to produce a unit of G.P. in wealthy economies today than it did in the mid-70s.^^/23^^ The world wastes 2.3 billion gallons of gas yearly just in traffic jams.^^/24^^ We don't need to change our lifestyle - just improve our efficiency. No need to think about cutting consumption or conserving - we can always count on new technologies. Bring on the SUVs! Not to worry that humanity may have consumed more natural resources since World War II than in all the years before.^^/25^^ Nor that world energy demand - despite much-publicized potential improvements in efficiency - is forecast to jump 60%, from 2002 to 2030,and to require about $568 billion in new investments every year.^^/26^^\n\nSo, if governments aren't prepared to ask their citizens to change their lifestyles, is geoengineering a real option? The concept is rapidly gaining ground.\n\n!! Table 1: Proof of principle: Geoengineering past & present\n!!! Ten //old// ways to geoengineer the planet:\n* Cut down most of the world's forests;\n** Convert savannas and marginal land into monoculture cropland;\n** Dam watersheds, divert rivers, dry-up wetlands and drain aquifers;\n** Pump billions of tonnes of industrial pollutants, car exhaust and other toxic chemicals into the stratosphere and soil every year;\n** Wipe out species and genetic diversity in livestock & crops;\n** Overuse marginal lands leading to soil erosion and desertification;\n* ''Erode the world's major ecosystems;''\n** Deplete - possibly beyond recall - most commercial marine species;\n** Condemn half of the world's coral reefs to extinction;\n** Pollute almost all of the world's fresh water reserve.\n!!! Ten //new// ways to geoengineer the planet:\n* Create vast monoculture tree plantations for biofuels & CO~~2~~ sequestration;\n* Proliferate nuclear power plants;\n* Contaminate Centres of Genetic Diversity with DNA from genetically engineered crops;\n* ''"Fertilize" the ocean with iron nanoparticles to increase phytoplankton blooms that sequester CO~~2~~'';^^/27^^\n* Build 16 trillion space sunshades to deflect sunlight 1.5 million km from Earth;^^/28^^\n* Launch 5,000-30,000 ships with turbines to propel salt spray to whiten clouds to deflect sunlight.;^^/29^^\n* Store compressed CO~~2~~ in abandoned mines and active oil wells;^^/30^^\n* ''Biannually, blast sulfate-based aerosols into the stratosphere to deflect sunlight'';^^/31^^\n* Cover deserts with reflective film to repel sunlight.\n\n''Geoengineering - in real time'':\nRecent support for geoengineering has come from both scientific and political circles. The current debate over the possibility of engineering the stratosphere can be traced to a 1997 paper by the late Dr. Edward Teller - the Nobel laureate responsible for the hydrogen bomb, and one of the most politically influential US scientists in the latter half of the 20th century. Teller lent his support to geoengineering when he and two colleagues presented to the 22nd International Seminar on Planetary Emergencies in Erice, Sicily.^^/32^^ While the authors did not present their views as being endorsed by the US government, their work was conducted at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, under contract with the US Department of Energy. In the late 1950s, Teller had attacked what he regarded as the unfounded public paranoia that prevented him from using nuclear devices on hydroelectric projects and mining schemes in the United States. Even so, the scientist's willingness to take on earth restructuring sent a shockwave through the climate change community.\n\nTeller might have been dismissed as a scientist past his prime except that another Nobel laureate, Paul J. Crutzen - who won his Nobel prize for pioneering work on the ozone layer - amplified the scientific shockwave in 2002,when he offered grudging support for geoengineering in //Nature//: "Our future," the Dutch scientist wrote, "may well involve internationally accepted, large-scale geoengineering projects."^^/33^^\n\nThen, the following year Andrew Marshall, the long-time Pentagon insider who, along with Teller, helped develop and lobbied heavily for the "Star Wars" missile defense scheme, commissioned a former Royal Dutch/Shell planning chief and an Emeryville, CA scenario designer to design strategic government responses to a shift in the Gulf Stream running alongside the Sargasso Sea.^^/34^^ Among their seven recommendations: geoengineering to suppress climate change and to prevent the current's shift further offshore.^^/35^^ That same year, the US National Academy of Sciences released a report calling on Washington to launch a coordinated national research programme in weather modification.^^/36^^\n\nPaul Crutzen returned to the debate, stirring up a real tempest in a teapot in August 2006 when he wrote an "editorial essay" in //Climatic Change// magazine calling for active research into the use of "sub-micrometer"-sized sulfate-based aerosols to reflect sunlight in the stratosphere in order to cool the earth.^^/37^^ Crutzen, a professor at the Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry in Mainz, Germany, opines that high-altitude balloons and artillery cannons could be used to blast sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere, in effect, simulating a volcanic eruption. The sulfur dioxide would convert to sulfate particles. The cost, he reckons, would run between $25 and $50 billion per year - a figure he argues is well below the trillion dollars spent annually by the world's governments on defense. Crutzen notes that the cost doesn't include the human cost of a half-million premature deaths from particulate pollution. Such tiny reflective particles could be resident in the air for two years. Crutzen willingly acknowledges that this is a risky proposition and insists that it should be undertaken only if all else fails. He goes on to add that the political will to do anything else seems to have failed already.\n\nCrutzen's views have made him extremely controversial among scientists. However, an editorial in the same issue of //Climatic Change// by Ralph J. Cicerone, an atmospheric chemist and president of the US National Academy of Sciences, supports further research on Crutzen's geoengineering proposals. He told the //New York Times// in mid-2006: "We should treat these ideas like any other research and get into the mind-set of taking them seriously."^^/38^^\n\nEarlier in the year, Cicerone invited Roger P. Angel, a well-established astronomer at the University of Arizona, to speak to the Academy's annual meeting. Dr. Angel has a plan to put trillions of lenses - each about 2 feet wide but wafer thin - into orbit to deflect sunlight.^^/39^^\n\nBetween Cicerone's backing and Paul Crutzen's essay, it has suddenly become politically-correct to talk about geoengineering as a legitimate response to climate change: a credibility shift that the //New York Times// called a "major reversal."^^/40^^\n\n''Sky change - the downside:''\nWhat goes up still (usually) comes down. Be it silver iodide, sulfur or salt spray, the tonnes of particles that would need to be regularly blasted into the stratosphere will find their way back to earth again. All the issues related to environmental health and safety associated with particulate pollution, including novel manufactured nanoparticles, remain relevant for these intentional polluting schemes. Climate change experts insist that we should distinguish between unintended pollution and climate modification schemes that pump particulate matter into the air we breathe, but our lungs won't know the difference.^^/41^^ According to the World Health Organization, more than 4.5 million people die each year from industrial and vehicle emissions and from burning fuels indoors.^^/42^^ Geoengineering the stratosphere makes it easier for industry to continue atmospheric pollution but compounds the potential problem by intentionally contributing massively to particle pollution.\n\n''Sea-change: From Sulfur Curtains to Iron Carpets\nSeeding the seven seas'':\n\nNot only are there serious proposals on the table to restructure the stratosphere, governments and industry are also contemplating major modifications to the ocean surface. Since 1993, there have been at least ten documented government and/or private experiments to "seed" sections of the ocean's surface to demonstrate the feasibility of iron fertilization for sequestering carbon and countering global warming. Additional ocean fertilization experiments are on the drawing board for 2007. In October 1993 - a year after the Rio Earth Summit - a US-led expedition (dubbed IRONEX I) carpeted a 64 sq. km patch of ocean with iron particles. The location was the eastern equatorial Pacific about 500 km south of Ecuador's Galapagos Islands.^^/43^^ The project was funded by the US Office of Naval Research and the US National Science Foundation and involved nine US research institutions as well as two British universities. The experiment resulted in a doubling of plant biomass, a tripling of chlorophyll and a quadrupling in plant production.^^/44^^ The researchers emphasized that their experiments "are not intended as preliminary steps to climate manipulation."^^/45^^\n\nIRONEX I's effect on the carbon cycle was unclear. Some researchers feared that the take-up of carbon dioxide would be temporary and the CO~~2~~ will still eventually wind up in the atmosphere - just a little later. Additional tests were called for.\n\nA second experiment (IRONEX II) took place about 1200 km southwest of the Galapagos during May-June 1995.^^/46^^ Funding came from three countries: Britain, Mexico and the United States with the majority of resources provided, again, by the US government - the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the US Office of Naval Research. Seven institutes, including Mexico's CICESE Oceanografia Fisica (Centrode Investigaci¢n Cient¡fica y Educaci¢n Superior de Ensenada), and the UK Natural Environment Research Council participated.^^/47^^ The effect on carbon sequestration was, again, inconclusive. The iron particle spray caused a massive phytoplankton bloom that absorbed carbon dioxide but researchers were still unconvinced that the absorption would sequester CO~~2~~ or prevent CO~~2~~ from being dumped back into the atmosphere after the research vessels went home.\n\nUnder the name SOIREE (Southern Ocean Iron Release Experiment Expedition), New Zealand, Australia, Canada, the UK, Germany and the Netherlands joined the USA in a February, 1999 expedition below New Zealand.^^/48^^ Additional funding came from the European Union's CARUSO (Carbon Dioxide Uptake Southern Ocean) project and two private companies (in the UK and Australia) also got into the act. Iron filings were distributed over a 50 sq. km region but, six weeks later, NASA satellites showed that a phytoplankton bloom had spread beyond the original seeding zone to cover over 1100 km of ocean. The amount of plankton inside the zone was 10 times that outside the zone. According to the report, there was no measurable removal of carbon from surface to deeper waters. The results of the SOIRE Eexpedition do not support the use of ocean fertilization as a way of preventing climate change, but the experiment did conclude that "large-scale fertilization would be likely to cause substantial changes to the naturally occurring ecosystems of this pristine environment."^^/49^^\n\n''Seeding the Seas - Why Iron Fertilization?''\nOceans play a key role in regulating the world's climate. Despite their minute size, phytoplankton (microorganisms that dwell on the surface of the ocean) collectively account for half of the carbon dioxide absorbed annually from the Earth's atmosphere by plants.^^/50^^ Through the process of photosynthesis, plankton capture carbon and sunlight for growth, releasing oxygen into the atmosphere.\n\nPhytoplankton productivity in the world's oceans is declining as a result of climate change and warmer temperatures. The amount of iron that is naturally deposited from atmospheric dust clouds into the global oceans (providing nutrients for phytoplankton) has also decreased dramatically in recent decades. According to NASA satellite data, as water temperatures increased from 1999 to 2004, the ocean's microscopic plant life dropped significantly. Oceans around the equator in the Pacific saw as much as a 50 percent drop in phytoplankton production.^^/51^^ Advocates of iron fertilization schemes believe that iron is the missing nutrient that will restore phytoplankton and sequester two to three billion extra tonnes of carbon dioxide every year - roughly one-third to one-half of global industry and automobile emissions.^^/52^^ Some regions of the ocean (especially near the Arctic and Antarctic circles) are nutrient-rich but anemic - they lack sufficient iron to stimulate plankton growth. With the addition of iron in these anemic but otherwise healthy zones - known as high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll (HNLC) zones - scientists hope to increase the plankton absorption of CO~~2~~.\n\nDespite the absence of carbon sequestration success, the experiments continued. In November 2000, another experiment (dubbed EisenEx) took place in the waters off Cape Town South Africa.^^/53^^ Funded primarily by the German Ministry of Research and Technology, along with the European Union, the Netherlands and the UK, scientists from 15 different countries joined the cruise. The experiment showed that the seeding of iron could produce a quadrupling of biomass within three weeks, but the team didn't assess what happens after the bloom was created.\n\nAnother experiment - this one, regarded by its financiers (but not all scientists) as successful - took place in July 2001 in the western Pacific, northeast of Japan.^^/54^^ The expedition (known as SEEDS - Subarctic Pacific Iron Experiment for Ecosystem Dynamics Study) was mostly funded by Japan's Global Environmental Research Fund with some Canadian support. A second SEEDS iron fertilization experiment was held in the eastern subarctic North Pacific in summer 2004. Another Antarctic/Southern Ocean experiment (SOFeX - Southern Ocean Iron Experiment) was conducted during January-February 2002 involving a large number of US universities and institutes and bankrolled by the US NSF and Department of Energy.^^/55^^ The expedition dumped almost three tonnes of iron particles from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography research vessel.^^/56^^\n\nThe results of this experiment worried many.Dr. Kenneth Coale, chief scientist on the expedition and director of the Moss Landing Marine Laboratories in California, told the science press at the time that iron fertilization could theoretically sterilize portions of the Pacific.^^/57^^ Researchers recalled the "optimistic"words of the late John Martin, former director at Moss Landing, who first articulated the "iron hypothesis" and in 1991, famously enthused that if he had a half-tanker of iron he could create a new Ice Age.^^/58^^\n\nA few months later, during July-August 2002, yet another iron fertilization expedition struck out for the Gulf of Alaska - SERIES (Subarctic Ecosystem Response to Iron Enrichment Study).^^/59^^ Among the countries involved: Canada (four universities), New Zealand, China and Japan.\n\nWith so many attempts and inconclusive results, one would expect governments to move on. Not this hardy band of mariners. In February-March 2004, Europeans sponsored another iron experiment in a patch of sea about 2200 kilometers southwest of Cape Town. EIFEX (European Iron Fertilisation Experiment) included 53 scientists from 14 institutions and three companies from seven European countries and South Africa. Over a nine-week period seven tonnes of iron sulfate were spewed over a 150 sq. km. patch. The Alfred Wegener Institute of Bremerhaven, Germany, which coordinated the exercise, couldn't determine how much phytoplankton actually sank to the deep ocean, but speculated that increased blooms might boost the food supply of the ocean's much-beleaguered whales.^^/60^^\n\n''Carbon Traitors?''\nOcean scientists contacted by ETC Group - even those who have participated in iron fertilization studies in the past - reject large-scale iron seeding as a means to combat climate change, and they are distancing themselves from commercial iron dumping ventures that aim to make money from the carbon market. If iron fertilization of the ocean can suck up carbon dioxide on a massive scale there will be money in it for carbon traders. Carbon trading allows companies or individuals to buy the rights to pollute (i.e., carbon credits) by investing in projects that are deemed by "experts" to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide.\n\n''GreenSea Ventures Inc.'' conducted two early experiments on iron fertilization in the Gulf of Mexico, first in January and again in May 1998.^^/61^^ On its website, the company indicates that the next step is to conduct a large-scale experiment: "In the test, a selected ocean area of about 5,000 square miles would be fertilized with iron and the results, principally the transport of carbon to the deep ocean, studied in detail."^^/62^^ Green Sea estimates that a 5,000 sq.mile application over one month would sequester 100,000-200,000 tonnes CO~~2~~ equivalent - roughly equivalent to what a 1000 acre forest would sequester over a period of 40 years.^^/63^^ There is no indication when the company plans to conduct its large-scale experiment. Michael Markels, a board member of Green Sea Ventures, holds at least five patents and patent applications related to iron fertilization for sequestering CO~~2~~ (see patent table).\n\nCalifornia-based ''Planktos'' is a self-described "ecorestoration firm," created to sell carbon credits to CO~~2~~ polluters by sequestering greenhouse gases.^^/64^^ The company already sells voluntary carbon credits to individuals who want to shrink their carbon footprint by buying "ecosystem restoration credits." (See box: //Carbon Offsets: Forgiving the Sin of Emission//.) Planktos plans to conduct its first "commercial pilot" for iron fertilization in the Pacific (either near Hawaii or French Polynesia) beginning in March or April 2007.^^/65^^ The company aims to "bring home data that will verify permanent sequestration of CO~~2~~ in the deep ocean."^^/66^^ Planktos claims that as a result of iron fertilization, CO~~2~~ via phytoplankton is dragged down to the ocean floor where it remains "permanently" (they use quotation marks as a soft disclaimer), thus reducing greenhouse gases. Planktos also claims that it will use nanoscale particles of iron: "the particles are so small that the sink rate is measured in weeks and months as opposed to minutes."^^/67^^ This is alarming because scientists have warned that environmental release of nanoparticles should be prohibited until more is known about their health and environmental impacts.^^/68^^\n\nWhile the company claims that it "is supported by a renowned fellowship of international ocean science authorities and institutions,"^^/69^^ the company's scientific credentials have been previously called into question^^/70^^ and several scientists contacted by ETC Group denied collaboration with Planktos.\n\nSan Francisco-based, ''Climos'', a new company that aims "to leverage natural processes to reduce greenhouse gasses," will reportedly work on ocean fertilization for controlling atmospheric carbon.^^/71^^ Climos is headed by Dan Whaley, a Silicon Valley entrepreneur who founded an Internet company that was sold in 2000 for $750 million. In December 2006 the company announced that Dr. Margaret Leinen will join Climos as Chief Science Officer. Leinen is former Assistant Director for Geosciences at the US National Science Foundation.\n\nAs The Corner House's Larry Lohmann describes in //Carbon Trading//,^^/72^^ sequestering can be a profitable game of soot and mirrors. Those involved in iron fertilization, for example,optimistically predict annual returns of €75 billion assuming a sequestration cost of about€5 euros per tonne and a carbon trading price of perhaps €25 per tonne.^^/73^^ But even if iron seeding induces blooms that transfer CO~~2~~ from the atmosphere to the deep sea, there is no scientific basis for arguing that it will stay there permanently.^^/74^^ Some scientists assert that the CO~~2~~ reservoirs will eventually be re-exposed.^^/75^^ But companies serving the carbon market need only keep CO~~2~~ out of sight long enough to cash their cheques. If the CO~~2~~ pops back up to the surface in a year or five, proving its source could be extremely difficult.\n\nCritics of industrial-scale iron fertilization schemes point out that "the oceans' food webs and biogeochemical cycles would be altered in unintended ways." ^^/76^^ Others note that iron may not be the ocean's only nutrient "deficiency" - researchers have identified silicate as a crucial component in carbon export, for example - but each "correction" to ocean water composition could have unintended effects. According to US and Canadian scientists writing in the journal //Science//, if carbon trading schemes make it profitable for companies to engage in ocean fertilization, "the cumulative effects of many such implementations would result in large-scale consequences - a classic 'tragedy of the commons.'"^^/77^^\n\nMark Lawrence of Max-Planck-Institute (Germany) adds that large-scale iron fertilization could have unintended atmospheric and climatic impacts - including ozone depletion and intensified ultraviolet levels on the Earth's surface.^^/78^^\n\n/ "It's really more of a business experiment thana scientific experiment."// - Russ George, CEO, Planktos, Inc., describing his company's ocean fertilization activities to journalist Wendy Williams.^^/79^^\n\n!! Carbon Offsets: Forgiving the Sin of Emission\n!!! Indulgences for the 21^^/st^^ Century?\nAccording to the //Catholic Encyclopedia//, an indulgence is "a remission of the temporal punishment due to sin." It goes like this: The sinner sins. God, exercising infinite wisdom and/or compassion, may choose to forgive the sinner, but even Divine forgiveness doesn't take away the need for the sin to be punished. "Good works" on the part of the sinner - including prayer, donating money to the Church or reading scriptures - however, can secure the sinner an //indulgence//, which takes away the consequences of the sin (i.e., the punishment that would have been meted out otherwise).\n\nThe carbon market - including the voluntary carbon marketplace, where there is no regulatory requirement to reduce emissions - offers a similar reprieve to businesses and individuals who've committed the sin of greenhouse gas emissions, provided, again, that "good works" are performed. Good works can take the form of writing checks to private companies that, in their infinite wisdom, have been graced with the power to "offset" the sin of emission. Planktos, headquartered in Forest City, CA, for example, claims it can zero out the emissions from a short commuter flight or a longer, international flight for $5 and $20, respectively. If your soul is troubled by the emissions from your gas-guzzling SUV, just give Planktos 50 bucks and they'll get Mother Nature to call it even. If you're already leading an environmentally pious life, you can pay Planktos to act as intercessor on behalf of friends and family: For a fee, Planktos will "carbon neutralize" your friends and family. (See the "Eco-Restoration Store" at http://www.planktos.com/content/view/90/67/lang,en/)\n\nPlanktos is one of several companies whose carbon-sequestering specialty is fertilizing the ocean with iron. As yet, there is no scientific consensus that iron fertilization is a long-term solution to CO~~2~~ release, that it is safe for the environment or that the amount of permanently captured carbon can be accurately measured. Nonetheless, the details of every Planktos carbon-offset project is "carefully accounted for in a master ledger" so that the numbers can one day be verified through audit (will St.Peter serve as auditor?).^^/80^^ While the Church insists that it cannot forgive a sin (only God has that power), it can take away the punishment for a sin through indulgences. Carbon offset companies may find themselves in the opposite position: They claim the power to forgive sins of emission, but if temperatures continue to rise, the resulting hell-on-earth will punish both the pious and the polluters and expose the folly of praying (paying) to the Gods of Carbon-Offsets.\n\n!! Patents Involving Fertilization of Ocean to Sequester CO~~2~~\n|Patent or Application# |Inventor/Assignee |Title |Publication Date |\n|US6056919 |Michael Markels |Method of sequestering carbon dioxide |May 2, 2002 |\n|US6200530 |Michael Markels |Sequestering carbon dioxide in open oceans to counter global warming |March 13, 2001|\n|US6440367 |Michael Markels / GreenSea Venture, Inc. |Method of sequestering carbon dioxide with a fertilizer comprising chelated iron |August 27, 2002|\n|US5965117 |DuPont |Water-buoyant particulate materials containing micronutrients for phytoplankton |Oct. 12, 1999|\n|US5992089 |Ian Jones, William Rodgers, Michael Gunaratnam, Helen Young, Elizabeth Woollahra (Australia) |Process for sequestering into the ocean the atmospheric greenhouse gas carbon dioxide by means of supplementing the ocean with ammonia or salts thereof |Nov. 30, 1999|\n|US20030012691A1 (application) |Michael Markels |Method of sequestering carbon dioxide with a fertilizer comprising chelated iron |Jan. 16, 2003|\n|WO0065902A1 |Michael Markels |Sequestering carbon dioxide in open oceans to counter global warming |Nov. 9, 2000 |\n//Source: ETC Group//\n!! Hurricane season - Future Techno-fixes\n''Sargasso Sea-change'':\nThis kind of geoengineering is not as "sci-fi" as we would wish. Many of the Western Hemisphere's most devastating hurricanes originate when temperatures rise in the mid-Atlantic - in the Sargasso Sea - the vast oval doldrums encased by the northward flow of a warm tropical current on its west and a chilly south-bound current from the Arctic on its east. Although the Sargasso Sea is known for the profusion of seaweed at its surface, biologists have always regarded the sea as relatively barren.\n\nIn 2004, with grants from the US Department of Energy, Craig Venter - the man who led the private sector mapping of the human genome - steered his 90-foot yacht, the Sorcerer II, into the Sargasso in search of marine microbes sporting novel genes to improve photosynthesis. Months later, Venter told a Washington news conference that he had found 1800 new microbial species and at least 1.2 million novel genes, including photosynthesis genes that could have a major impact on climate change.^^/81^^ With US Department of Energy funding, Craig Venter is committed to creating a new life form - a synthetic construct based upon simple microorganisms - that could be designed to clean up pollution, CO~~2~~ or other greenhouse gases.\n\nGiven the dubious experience with iron fertilization, it could be tempting for desperate governments to try an alternative approach: the release of a living organism made from scratch designed to sequester carbon.\n\nThere are other - possibly related - developments. In 2005 a "Weather Modification" bill (S517) was introduced in the US Congress that would establish a committee to oversee a national research program on weather modification.^^/82^^ Sponsored by Republican Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison of George W. Bush's home state, Texas, the bill was originally expected to become law before the 2006 hurricane season, but never made it out of committee - and is dead in the water for now.^^/83^^ The bill unexpectedly ran into some opposition from the White House science adviser who was concerned that any technologies that might be introduced to modify the US climate would, inevitably, modify everybody else's climate.^^/84^^\n\nIn April 2006, the US National Science Foundation held its third Hurricane Science and Engineering Task Force Workshop in Pensacola, Florida. Among the options under consideration according to the meeting's co-chair, Prof. Kelvin Droegemeier, a meteorologist at the University of Oklahoma, is creating a biological film over the ocean's surface to divert hurricanes.^^/85^^ Some researchers have lost enthusiasm for the idea of coating the ocean's surface with an oily film (to restrict evaporation and mitigate hurricanes) because the film breaks up in high-wind conditions.^^/86^^ Ross Hoffman of Atmospheric and Environmental Research (Lexington, Massachusetts, USA) is using computer modeling to study how to induce minor changes in weather conditions (e.g., air temperature or humidity) to weaken or divert hurricanes away from population centers. According to Hoffman, who received funding from NASA's Institute for Advanced Concepts, "the goal is not to change the climate, but to control the precise timing and paths of weather systems."^^/87^^ Hoffman speculates, for example, that earth-orbiting solar power stations could supply enough energy to heat the air around a hurricane and adjust the temperature. Hoffman writes that global weather control "might be implemented within a few decades" but will require further breakthroughs in nanotechnology, quantum devices and other areas.\n\nAt the end of 2006, when the UN Convention on Climate Change convened in Nairobi, the Associated Press reported that geoengineering received a surprising amount of attention. What surprised government delegates and CSO observers most was that everybody was taking seriously Crutzen's proposal for stratospheric hazing or deliberate atmospheric polluting. Kyoto, according to the wisdom of the meeting, was on its deathbed, and geoengineering was looking more reasonable everyday. Even as the meeting was underway in Nairobi, the Associated Press added, on the US West Coast, NASA was holding a closed-door meeting to review a number of geoengineering possibilities including global hazing.^^/89^^ Is it coincidence that in mid-2005, NASA - without consulting any of its employees - deleted the phrase, "to understand and protect our home planet" from its mission statement?^^/90^^\n\n''Solomonic Summers?'' The political and ethical dimensions of climate modification are huge. In a 2005 interview in //The Boston Globe//, Harvard's Director of the Laboratory for Geochemical Oceanography, Daniel Schrag asked, "Suppose we could control hurricanes, but stopping one requires an incredibly hot day in Africa that would burn up all the crops."^^/91^^ Schrag goes on,"Let's say you have a mirror in space. Think of two summers ago when we were having this awful cold summer and Europe was having this awful heat wave. Who gets to adjust the mirror?"^^/92^^\n\n''White night?'' In September 2001, officials with the President's Climate Change Technology Program invited about two dozen scientists to participate in a meeting titled "Response Options to Rapid or Severe Climate Change." Despite Bush's rejection of the Kyoto protocol six months earlier, the White House was quietly checking out its options. Among those invited were physicists from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (Edward Teller's //alma mater//, from where he developed the hydrogen bomb and launched his 1997 geoengineering proposal). The interest in geoengineering was intense. One of the organizers of the White House gathering was Dr. Michael MacCracken, a former senior scientist at the U.S. Global Change Research Program and, also, formerly with Lawrence Livermore. "We already are inadvertently changing the climate," MacCracken told one science journal, "so why not advertently try to counterbalance it?"^^/93^^\n\nThis kind of thinking is not out of character. After World War II, the US Office of Naval Research and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography cooperated on studies that led to the atomic bomb testing in the Pacific being called //"a wonderful oceanographic tool."//^^/94^^ The director of the Scripps oceanographic programme at that time was Dr. Roger Revelle who complained that "ignorance and emotionalism" dominated the discourse about radioactive waste dumping at sea. The Scripps vessel used in at least one of the iron fertilization experiments, was //The Revelle//.\n\nThe bottom line is this: does anyone really think that the current US administration (or its counterparts in China or Russia, for that matter) would shy away from geoengineering the stratosphere or the ocean in order to save their oil industries or ward off their coastal cities?\n\n> //"As remedies for the CO~~2~~-climate problem, all proposed geoengineering schemes have serious flaws. Nevertheless, I judge it likely that this century will see serious debate about - and perhaps implementation of - deliberate planetary-scale engineering."// - David W. Keith, Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Dept. of Economics, University of Calgary^^/95^^\n\n!! Recommendations\nETC Group believes that geoengineering is the wrong response to climate change. Experimentation that could alter the structure of the oceans or the stratosphere should not proceed without thorough and informed public debate on its consequences, and UN authorization. Geoengineering must not be undertaken unilaterally by any nation. The United Nations must reaffirm (and, if necessary, expand) the Environmental Modification Convention (ENMOD) recognizing that any unilateral modification of weather or climate is a threat to neighboring countries and, very likely, the entire international community. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change should revisit the concept and practice of carbon trading and replace this market-based "solution" with direct, measurable standards for CO~~2~~ emission reduction at source. OECD states must redouble their efforts to reduce their consumption of fossil fuels and to curtail other wasteful practices that contribute to global warming.\n!! Endnotes:\n1/ David Adam, "US Government answer to global warming: Smoke and giant mirrors," //The Guardian//, 27 January 2007.\n\n2/ Rutenberg, Jim, "Solution to Greenhouse Gases is New Nuclear Plants, Bush Says," //New York Times//, May 25, 2006. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/25/washington/25bush.html\n\n3/ Peter Gwynne, "The Cooling World," //Newsweek//, April 28, 1975.\n\n4/ According to the US State Department (on its web site, November 28, 2005) the US and the Soviet Union introduced identical treaty texts at the UN in 1975, and the treaty came into force on May 18, 1978. The strongly worded treaty bans all military and other hostile efforts at environmental modification but does not preclude beneficial modifications. To date, 51 countries have ratified the treaty including almost all major OECD and South governments except South Africa and Mexico.\n\n5/ David W. Keith, Forthcoming in "Climate Change Science and Policy," Steven Schneider and Mike Mastrandrea editors, to be published by Island Press.\n\n6/ Definition adapted from David W. Keith, Forthcoming in "Climate Change Science and Policy," Steven Schneider and Mike Mastrandrea editors, to be published by Island Press.\n\n7/ Spiegel.com, "Potentially Worst Nuclear Plant Incident since Chernobyl Ignored By American Media," August 4, 2006.\n\n8/ See http://www.wslfweb.org/docs/stratcomtalk.htm\n\n9/ Bennett, Drake. "Don't like the weather? Change it -The weird science of weather modification makes a comeback," //Boston Globe//, July 3, 2005.\n\n10/ Bennett, Drake. "Don't like the weather? Change it -The weird science of weather modification makes a comeback," //Boston Globe//, July 3, 2005.\n\n11/ Ravilious, Kate. "Kicking up a storm with the cloud seeders," //New Scientist//, 16 April, 2005, pp. 40-43.\n\n12/ //Ibid.//\n\n13/ //Ibid.//\n\n14/ Ravilious, Kate. Kicking up a storm with the cloud seeders," //New Scientist//, 16 April, 2005, pp. 40-43 This article adds UAE, Australia, Israel, Russia, South Africa and India to the list of countries using weather modification.\n\n15/ Pendick, Daniel. "Cloud Dancers: Will Efforts To Change The Weather Ever Attain Scientific Legitimacy?" //Scientific American//, 2000, pp 64-69.\n\n16/ Col. Tamzy J. House //et al.//, //Weather as a Force Multiplier: Owning the Weather in 2025//, August 1996, pp. 7-8.\n\n17/ Ravilious, Kate. Kicking up a storm with the cloud seeders," //New Scientist//, 16 April, 2005, pp. 40-43.\n\n18/ BBC News, http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/asia-pacific/2940430.stm\n\n19/ McNeill, J. R. //Something New Under The Sun: An Environmental History Of The Twentieth-Century World.// New York: Norton & Co., 2000, p. 357.\n\n20/ David Adam, "US Government answer to global warming: Smoke and giant mirrors," //The Guardian//, 27 January 2007.\n\n21/ //Ibid.//\n\n22/ Prestowitz, Clyde, //Three Billion New Capitalists: The Great Shift Of Wealth And Power To The East//. New York: Basic Books. 2005, p. 259.\n\n23/ Glenn, Jerome C. and Theodore J. Gordon, //2005 State of the Future//, Washington DC: American Council for the United Nations University, 2005, p 36.\n\n24/ //Ibid.//\n\n25/ //Ibid.//\n\n26/ //Ibid.//\n\n27/ According to Planktos, Inc. website: "…we use this material in a nano-particle form where the particles are so small that the sink rate is measured in weeks and months as opposed to minutes. Our material is the very same natural iron that the ocean plants receive from dust storms only in much smaller particles. One advantage of such small particles is that they linger so long in the surface waters that the iron is slowly made biologically available." http://www.planktos.com/educational/thedebate.htm (viewed February 1, 2007).\n\n28/ Bob Henson, "Big Fixes for Climate?" //UCAR Quarterly//, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Fall, 2006. On the Internet: http://www.ucar.edu/communications/quarterly/fall06/bigfix.jsp\n\n29/ Behar, Michael. "How Earth-Scale Engineering Can Save the Planet." //Popular Science//, June 2005. John Latham of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (USA) is investigating the feasibility of using salt particles to whiten clouds and thus deflect sunlight. On the Internet: http://www.popsci.com/popsci/aviationspace/3afd8ca927d05010vgnvcm1000004eecbccdrcrd.html\n\n30/ An experimental project in Weyburn, Saskatchewan (Canada) expects to sequester 22 million tonnes of CO~~2~~ over the next 20 years. The experiment is supported by a multinational consortium including the US Department of Energy. Also see: U.S. Department of Energy Media Release, "DOE Reports on Success of Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships: Groundwork in Place to Validate Technologies in Next Phase of Program," //Fossil Energy Techline// (2 May 2005). http://www.fe.doe.gov/news/techlines/2005/tl_regional_partnerships_phase1.html\n\n31/ Paul J. Crutzen, Nobel laureate, of the Max-Planck-Institute is investigating the use of sulfate aerosols. http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/84/i38/8438notw9.html . However, according to Dr. Ken Caldeira of the Carnegie Institution Department of Global Ecology at Stanford University, "One of the problems of putting sulphate particles in the stratosphere is that it would destroy the ozone layer; so you might solve the global warming problem, but then we'd all die of that." As quoted by Molly Bentley in BBC, "Guns and sunshades to rescue climate, " 2 March 2006.\n\n32/ Teller, Edward, L. Wood, and R. Hyde//, Global Warming and Ice Ages: Prospects for Physics-Based Modulation of Global Change//, prepared for submittal to the 22nd International Seminar on Planetary Emergencies, Erice (Sicily), Italy, August 20-23, 1997.\n\n33/ Paul J. Crutzen, "Geology of mankind," //Nature//, 415, 23 (3 January 2002).\n\n34/ Flannery, Tim. //The Weather Makers: How Man is Changing The Climate and What It Means For Life On Earth//. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2005, p. 191.\n\n35/ //Ibid.//\n\n36/ National Academy of Sciences Report, National Research Council, "//Research Committee on the Status of and Future Directions in U.S. Weather Modification Research and Operations,//" Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Division on Earth and Life Studies, 2003; on the Internet: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10829.html\n\nAlso cited in: Bennett, Drake. "Don't like the weather? Change it --The weird science of weather modification makes a comeback," //Boston Globe//, July 3, 2005.\n\n37/ Paul J. Crutzen, "Albedo Enhancement by Stratospheric Sulfur Injections: A Contribution to Resolve a Policy Dilemma?" //Climatic Change// (2006) 77: 211 - 219.\n\n38/ Broad, William J., "How to Cool a Planet (Maybe)" //New York Times//, June 27, 2006.\n\n39/ //Ibid.//\n\n40/ //Ibid.//\n\n41/ David W. Keith, "Engineering the Planet," forthcoming in //Climate Change Science and Policy//, Steven Schneider and Mike Mastrandrea editors, to be published by Island Press.\n\n42/ Alex Kirby, "Pollution: A life and death issue," //BBC News online//, 13 Dec. 2004; on the Internet: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4086809.stm\n\n43/ J.H. Martin //et al.//, "Testing the Iron Hypothesis in Ecosystems of the Equatorial Pacific Ocean," //Nature//, Vol. 371, 8 September 1994, pp. 123-129. See also: http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/proceedings/01/carbon_seq/carbon_seq01.html#Session6B\n\n44/ J.H. Martin, //et al.//, "Testing the Iron Hypothesis in Ecosystems of the Equatorial Pacific Ocean," //Nature//, Vol. 371, 8 September 1994, p. 123.\n\n45/ //Ibid.// p. 129.\n\n46/ Michael Behrenfeld //et al//., "Confirmation of iron limitation of phytoplankton photosynthesis in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean," //Nature//, Vol. 383, 10 October 1996, pp. 508-511.\n\n47/ Kenneth Coale //et al.// "A Massive Phytoplankton Bloom Induced by an Ecosystem-scale Iron Fertilization Experiment in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean," //Nature//, Vol. 383, 10 October 1996, p. 501.\n\n48/ Philip Boyd, et al., "A Mesoscale Phytoplankton Bloom in the Polar Southern Ocean Stimulated by Iron Fertilization," //Nature//, Vol. 407, 12 October 2000, pp. 695-702. See also: NIWA Science, Media Release, "Iron makes the southern ocean bloom," 12 October 2000. http://www.niwascience.co.nz/pubs/mr/archive/2000-10-12-1\n\n49/ NIWA Science, Media Release, "Iron makes the southern ocean bloom," 12 October 2000. http://www.niwascience.co.nz/pubs/mr/archive/2000-10-12-1\n\n50/ http://www.nasa.gov/lb/home/hqnews/2005/feb/HQ_05042_bio_problem.html\n\n51/ Associated Press, "NASA: Global warming reducing ocean's food supply," December 7, 2006. On the Internet: http://www.cnn.com\n\n52/ Wikipedia, "Iron fertilization," as of December 15, 2006.\n\n53/ Victor Smetacek, EisenEx: International Team Conducts Iron Experiment In Southern Ocean," U.S. JGOFS Newsletter, January 2001. On the Internet: http://www1.whoi.edu/general_info/vol111.pdf\n\n54/ http://www.maff.go.jp/mud/476.html\n\n55/ http://www.mbari.org/expeditions/SOFeX2002/history&purpose.htm#Institution http://www.mbari.org/expeditions/SOFeX2002/ http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2004/sofex.html http://www.sciencemag.org.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/cgi/content/full/sci;304/5669/414\n\n56/ Behar, Michael. "How Earth-Scale Engineering Can Save the Planet," //Popular Science//, June 2005. http://www.popsci.com\n\n57/ //Ibid.//\n\n58/ //Ibid.//\n\n59/ Philip Boyd, et al., "The Decline and Fate of an Iron-Induced Subarctic Phytoplankton Bloom," //Nature//, Vol. 428, 1 April 2004, pp. 549-553.\n\n60/ News Release: Alfred-Wegener-Institute, "Iron fertilisation of the ocean raises the food supply of marine animals and transports carbon dioxide to the deep ocean," Bremerhaven, 5 April 2004. On the Internet: http://www.awibremerhaven.de/AWI/Presse/PM/pm04-1.hj/040402EIFEX-e.html\n\n61/ Michael Markels and Richard Barber, "Sequestration of CO~~2~~ by Ocean Fertilization," Poster Presentation for NETL Conference on Carbon Sequestration, May 14-17, 2001.\n\n62/ http://www.greenseaventure.com/agenda.html\n\n63/ http://www.greenseaventure.com/Questions_Concerns.html\n\n64/ On the Internet: http://www.planktos.com/content/view/12/26/\n\n65/ Telephone interview with William Coleman, Chief Operating Officer, Planktos, December 20, 2006.\n\n66/ //Ibid.//\n\n67/ http://www.planktos.com/educational/thedebate.htm (viewed February 1, 2007).\n\n68/ Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering, //Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies: Opportunities and Uncertainties//, July 2004.\n\n69/ Planktos, Inc. "Slowing the Pace of Ocean & Climate Change," company information sent to ETC Group via email, by Bill Coleman, Chief Operating Officer of Planktos, December 2006.\n\n70/ Wendy Williams, "Iron Fertilzation," //Living on Earth// radio show, 2003. On the Internet: http://www.loe.org/series/iron_fertilization/\n\n71/ http://socialfusion.org/dec5.html\n\n72/ Lohmann, Larry //et.al.//, Carbon Trading: A Critical Conversation on Climate Change, Privatisation and Power,//Development Dialogue//, no. 48 September 2006.\n\n73/ From Wikipedia, "iron fertilization" as of December 15, 2006.\n\n74/ Paul Preuss, "Climate Change Scenarios Compel Studies of Ocean Carbon Storage," //Science Beat//, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Feb. 1, 2001. http://enews.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/sea-carb-bish.html\n\n75/ Sallie Chisholm //et al.//, "Dis-Crediting Ocean Fertilization," //Science//, Vol. 294, 12 October 2001.\n\n76/ Sallie Chisholm //et al.//, "Dis-Crediting Ocean Fertilization," //Science//, Vol. 294, 12 October 2001.\n\n77/ //Ibid.//\n\n78/ Mark Lawrence, "Side Effects of Oceanic Iron Fertilization," //Science//, 20 September 2002: Vol. 297, no. 5589, p. 1993.\n\n79/ Wendy Williams, "Iron Fertilzation," //Living on Earth// radio show, 2003. On the Internet: http://www.loe.org/series/iron_fertilization/ See also: Wendy Williams, "Cashing in on Climate Change: Unproven Carbon Sequestration Strategies Draw 'Environmental Entrepreneurs,'" //Northern Sky News//, May 2003. On the Internet: http://www.newenergytimes.com/SR/CashIn/CashonClimateChange.html\n\n80/ Email communication with Planktos, December 21, 2006.\n\n81/ J. Craig Venter Institute, Press Release, "IBEA Researchers Publish Results From Environmental Shotgun Sequencing of Sargasso Sea. Discover 1800 New Species And 1.2 Million New Genes. Including Nearly 800 New Photoreceptor Genes," Mar 4, 2004. On the Internet: http://www.venterinstitute.org/press/news/news_2004_03_04.php\n\n82/ S. 517: //Weather Modification Research and Technology Transfer Authorization Act of 2005,// Introduced: Mar 3, 2005; Sponsor: Sen. Kay Hutchison [R-TX]. 109th Congress.\n\n83/ //Ibid.//\n\n84/ Letter from John H. Marburger, Director of White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, to Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison, December 13, 2005. On the Internet: http://www.legislative.noaa.gov/viewsletters/marburgerweathermodviewsletter121305.pdf\n\n85/ Sowder, Amy, "Hurricane workshop to meet in Bay Area --National Science Board to take look at recovery," //Pensacola News Journal//, April 17, 2006.\n\n86/ Telephone communication with Prof. Kerry Emanuel, MIT and Prof. Kelvin Droegemeier, Meteorologist, University of Oklahoma, 11 January 2007.\n\n87/ Ross Hoffman, "Controlling the Global Weather," BAMS, American Meteorological Society, February 2002.\n\n88/ Ibid.\n\n89/ Charles J. Hanley, "Top Scientists Say Man May Need to Dirty Skies to Shield against Warming" //Associated Press//, November 16, 2006, as distributed by Environmental News Network.\n\n90/ Andrew C. Revkin, "NASA's Goals Delete Mention of Home Planet," //New York Times//, July 22, 2006.\n\n91/ Bennett, Drake. "Don't like the weather? Change it - The weird science of weather modification makes a comeback," //Boston Globe//, July 3, 2005.\n\n92/ //Ibid.//\n\n93/ Michael Behar, "How Earth-Scale Engineering Can Save the Planet," //Popular Science//, June 2005. On the Internet: http://www.popsci.com\n\n94/ Helen M. Rozwadowski and David K. van Keuren, eds., //The Machine in Neptune's Garden: Historical Perspectives on Technology and the Marine Environment//, Canton, Mass.: Watson, 2004.\n\n95/ David W. Keith, "Engineering the Planet," forthcoming in //Climate Change Science and Policy//, Steven Schneider and Mike Mastrandrea editors, to be published by Island Press.\n!! About ETC Group\n> ETC Group is an international civil society organization based in Canada. We are dedicated to the conservation and sustainable advancement of cultural and ecological diversity and human rights.ETC Group supports socially responsible development of technologies useful to the poor and marginalized and we address international governance issues affecting the international community. We also monitor the ownership and control of technologies and the consolidation of corporate power.\n> http://www.etcgroup.org\n

> //With hopes for Kyoto dimming, some governments may conclude that massive earth restructuring is the only feasible way out//\n''Overview'' +++\n> <<tiddler "Gambling with Gaia: Overview">>\n===\n\n> //"Let's quit the debate about whether greenhouse gases are caused by mankind or by natural causes; let's just focus on technologies that deal with the issue."//<br> US President George W. Bush, May 25, 2006.\n\nIn 1975, the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and //Newsweek// magazine joined forces to warn of "the Cooling World"^^/3^^ - the same year that British scientists confirmed a hole over the ozone layer above Antarctica and, coincidentally, the year that the Soviet Union and the United States submitted identical draft treaties to the UN General Assembly prohibiting climate modification as a military weapon.\n\nThirty years later, everybody - including the US president - was talking about Global Warming; scientists warned that the temperature rise on the Arctic ice cap and on Siberian permafrost could "tip" Planet Earth into an environmental tailspin; and, the US Congress agreed to study a bill that would establish a national weather modification research programme.\n\nIn 2006 George W. Bush proposed that a technological silver bullet will help us (or, the US) out of the current eco-quagmire. That silver bullet is most commonly known as geoengineering - the intentional and directed manipulation of the earth and its ecosystems. Geoengineering includes a wide range of schemes: blasting particles of sulfur into the stratosphere to shield us from the sun's rays; dumping iron particles in the oceans to nurture CO~~2~~ - absorbing plankton and blasting clouds with chemicals to nudge them into producing rain. University of Calgary physicist, David Keith, refers to geoengineering as "an expedient solution that uses additional technology to counteract unwanted effects without eliminating their root cause." ^^/5^^\n> //''Geoengineering '' Intentional, large-scale manipulation of the environment by humans to bring about environmental change, particularly to counteract the undesired side effects of other human activities.^^/6^^//\nThere are, of course, human-made threats to the environment. We are, by no means, finished with the fallout from our first chemical adventure, for example. Despite the rekindled public concern that arose with the sudden failure of Sweden's Forsmark nuclear power plant in July, 2006,^^/7^^ nuclear power is making a comeback and at least some in the environmental movement are likely to accept nuclear energy as the only "politically-realistic" alternative to fossil fuels.\n\nIn this //communiqué//, ETC Group surveys some of the geoengineering approaches gaining legitimacy among policy-makers and scientists. With the impacts of climate change becoming more evident every day and the need for action more urgent, it's likely that rich, panicky governments will gamble on quick-fixes rather than risk inconveniencing their electorate and/or offending industry. As ludicrous as geoengineering may sound (and turn out to be), governments around the world are aware that some action must be taken quickly. They're also aware that carbon-trading schemes won't put a dent in climate change. Geoengineering warrants serious debate and preemptive action.\n\n''Proof of principle'': Is geoengineering realistic? Unfortunately, humanity has already proven massive earth restructuring to be wonderfully operational. Fill enough wetlands and introduce crop monocultures in enough fields and the ecosystem changes. Cut down enough forests and the climate changes. Build up sufficient industrial pollution and the ozone disappears and the smog rolls in. Geoengineering's "proof of principle" is manifest!\n\n* ''Geoengineering - a brief history: Stratospheric silver-linings'': +++\n> <<tiddler "Geoengineering - a brief history: Stratospheric silver-linings">>\n===\n\n* ''Table 1: Proof of principle: Geoengineering past & present'' +++\n> <<tiddler "Table 1: Proof of principle: Geoengineering past & present">>\n===\n\n* ''Geoengineering - in real time'': +++\n<<<\nRecent support for geoengineering has come from both scientific and political circles. The current debate over the possibility of engineering the stratosphere can be traced to a 1997 paper by the late Dr. Edward Teller - the Nobel laureate responsible for the hydrogen bomb, and one of the most politically influential US scientists in the latter half of the 20th century. Teller lent his support to geoengineering when he and two colleagues presented to the 22nd International Seminar on Planetary Emergencies in Erice, Sicily.^^/32^^ While the authors did not present their views as being endorsed by the US government, their work was conducted at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, under contract with the US Department of Energy. In the late 1950s, Teller had attacked what he regarded as the unfounded public paranoia that prevented him from using nuclear devices on hydroelectric projects and mining schemes in the United States. Even so, the scientist's willingness to take on earth restructuring sent a shockwave through the climate change community.\n\nTeller might have been dismissed as a scientist past his prime except that another Nobel laureate, Paul J. Crutzen - who won his Nobel prize for pioneering work on the ozone layer - amplified the scientific shockwave in 2002, when he offered grudging support for geoengineering in //Nature//: "Our future," the Dutch scientist wrote, "may well involve internationally accepted, large-scale geoengineering projects."^^/33^^\n\nThen, the following year Andrew Marshall, the long-time Pentagon insider who, along with Teller, helped develop and lobbied heavily for the "Star Wars" missile defense scheme, commissioned a former Royal Dutch/Shell planning chief and an Emeryville, CA scenario designer to design strategic government responses to a shift in the Gulf Stream running alongside the Sargasso Sea.^^/34^^ Among their seven recommendations: geoengineering to suppress climate change and to prevent the current's shift further offshore.^^/35^^ That same year, the US National Academy of Sciences released a report calling on Washington to launch a coordinated national research programme in weather modification.^^/36^^\n\nPaul Crutzen returned to the debate, stirring up a real tempest in a teapot in August 2006 when he wrote an "editorial essay" in //Climatic Change// magazine calling for active research into the use of "sub-micrometer"-sized sulfate-based aerosols to reflect sunlight in the stratosphere in order to cool the earth.^^/37^^ Crutzen, a professor at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz, Germany, opines that high-altitude balloons and artillery cannons could be used to blast sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere, in effect, simulating a volcanic eruption. The sulfur dioxide would convert to sulfate particles. The cost, he reckons, would run between $25 and $50 billion per year - a figure he argues is well below the trillion dollars spent annually by the world's governments on defense. Crutzen notes that the cost doesn't include the human cost of a half-million premature deaths from particulate pollution. Such tiny reflective particles could be resident in the air for two years. Crutzen willingly acknowledges that this is a risky proposition and insists that it should be undertaken only if all else fails. He goes on to add that the political will to do anything else seems to have failed already.\n\nCrutzen's views have made him extremely controversial among scientists. However, an editorial in the same issue of //Climatic Change// by Ralph J. Cicerone, an atmospheric chemist and president of the US National Academy of Sciences, supports further research on Crutzen's geoengineering proposals. He told the //New York Times// in mid-2006: "We should treat these ideas like any other research and get into the mind-set of taking them seriously."^^/38^^\n\nEarlier in the year, Cicerone invited Roger P. Angel, a well-established astronomer at the University of Arizona, to speak to the Academy's annual meeting. Dr. Angel has a plan to put trillions of lenses - each about 2 feet wide but wafer thin - into orbit to deflect sunlight.^^/39^^\n\nBetween Cicerone's backing and Paul Crutzen's essay, it has suddenly become politically-correct to talk about geoengineering as a legitimate response to climate change: a credibility shift that the //New York Times// called a "major reversal."^^/40^^\n<<<\n===\n\n* ''Sky change - the downside:'' +++\n<<<\nWhat goes up still (usually) comes down. Be it silver iodide, sulfur or salt spray, the tonnes of particles that would need to be regularly blasted into the stratosphere will find their way back to earth again. All the issues related to environmental health and safety associated with particulate pollution, including novel manufactured nanoparticles, remain relevant for these intentional polluting schemes. Climate change experts insist that we should distinguish between unintended pollution and climate modification schemes that pump particulate matter into the air we breathe, but our lungs won't know the difference.^^/41^^ According to the World Health Organization, more than 4.5 million people die each year from industrial and vehicle emissions and from burning fuels indoors.^^/42^^ Geoengineering the stratosphere makes it easier for industry to continue atmospheric pollution but compounds the potential problem by intentionally contributing massively to particle pollution.\n<<<\n===\n\n* ''Sea-change: From Sulfur Curtains to Iron Carpets. Seeding the seven seas'': +++\n<<<\nNot only are there serious proposals on the table to restructure the stratosphere, governments and industry are also contemplating major modifications to the ocean surface. Since 1993, there have been at least ten documented government and/or private experiments to "seed" sections of the ocean's surface to demonstrate the feasibility of iron fertilization for sequestering carbon and countering global warming. Additional ocean fertilization experiments are on the drawing board for 2007. In October 1993 - a year after the Rio Earth Summit - a ~US-led expedition (dubbed IRONEX I) carpeted a 64 sq. km patch of ocean with iron particles. The location was the eastern equatorial Pacific about 500 km south of Ecuador's Galapagos Islands.^^/43^^ The project was funded by the US Office of Naval Research and the US National Science Foundation and involved nine US research institutions as well as two British universities. The experiment resulted in a doubling of plant biomass, a tripling of chlorophyll and a quadrupling in plant production.^^/44^^ The researchers emphasized that their experiments "are not intended as preliminary steps to climate manipulation."^^/45^^\n\nIRONEX I's effect on the carbon cycle was unclear. Some researchers feared that the take-up of carbon dioxide would be temporary and the CO~~2~~ will still eventually wind up in the atmosphere - just a little later. Additional tests were called for.\n\nA second experiment (IRONEX II) took place about 1200 km southwest of the Galapagos during ~May-June 1995.^^/46^^ Funding came from three countries: Britain, Mexico and the United States with the majority of resources provided, again, by the US government - the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the US Office of Naval Research. Seven institutes, including Mexico's CICESE Oceanografia Fisica (Centrode Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada), and the UK Natural Environment Research Council participated.^^/47^^ The effect on carbon sequestration was, again, inconclusive. The iron particle spray caused a massive phytoplankton bloom that absorbed carbon dioxide but researchers were still unconvinced that the absorption would sequester CO~~2~~ or prevent CO~~2~~ from being dumped back into the atmosphere after the research vessels went home.\n\nUnder the name SOIREE (Southern Ocean Iron Release Experiment Expedition), New Zealand, Australia, Canada, the UK, Germany and the Netherlands joined the USA in a February, 1999 expedition below New Zealand.^^/48^^ Additional funding came from the European Union's CARUSO (Carbon Dioxide Uptake Southern Ocean) project and two private companies (in the UK and Australia) also got into the act. Iron filings were distributed over a 50 sq. km region but, six weeks later, NASA satellites showed that a phytoplankton bloom had spread beyond the original seeding zone to cover over 1100 km of ocean. The amount of plankton inside the zone was 10 times that outside the zone. According to the report, there was no measurable removal of carbon from surface to deeper waters. The results of the SOIRE Expedition do not support the use of ocean fertilization as a way of preventing climate change, but the experiment did conclude that "large-scale fertilization would be likely to cause substantial changes to the naturally occurring ecosystems of this pristine environment."^^/49^^\n<<<\n===\n\n* ''Seeding the Seas - Why Iron Fertilization?'' +++\n<<<\nOceans play a key role in regulating the world's climate. Despite their minute size, phytoplankton (microorganisms that dwell on the surface of the ocean) collectively account for half of the carbon dioxide absorbed annually from the Earth's atmosphere by plants.^^/50^^ Through the process of photosynthesis, plankton capture carbon and sunlight for growth, releasing oxygen into the atmosphere.\n\nPhytoplankton productivity in the world's oceans is declining as a result of climate change and warmer temperatures. The amount of iron that is naturally deposited from atmospheric dust clouds into the global oceans (providing nutrients for phytoplankton) has also decreased dramatically in recent decades. According to NASA satellite data, as water temperatures increased from 1999 to 2004, the ocean's microscopic plant life dropped significantly. Oceans around the equator in the Pacific saw as much as a 50 percent drop in phytoplankton production.^^/51^^ Advocates of iron fertilization schemes believe that iron is the missing nutrient that will restore phytoplankton and sequester two to three billion extra tonnes of carbon dioxide every year - roughly one-third to one-half of global industry and automobile emissions.^^/52^^ Some regions of the ocean (especially near the Arctic and Antarctic circles) are nutrient-rich but anemic - they lack sufficient iron to stimulate plankton growth. With the addition of iron in these anemic but otherwise healthy zones - known as high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll (HNLC) zones - scientists hope to increase the plankton absorption of CO~~2~~.\n\nDespite the absence of carbon sequestration success, the experiments continued. In November 2000, another experiment (dubbed EisenEx) took place in the waters off Cape Town, South Africa.^^/53^^ Funded primarily by the German Ministry of Research and Technology, along with the European Union, the Netherlands and the UK, scientists from 15 different countries joined the cruise. The experiment showed that the seeding of iron could produce a quadrupling of biomass within three weeks, but the team didn't assess what happens after the bloom was created.\n\nAnother experiment - this one, regarded by its financiers (but not all scientists) as successful - took place in July 2001 in the western Pacific, northeast of Japan.^^/54^^ The expedition (known as SEEDS - Subarctic Pacific Iron Experiment for Ecosystem Dynamics Study) was mostly funded by Japan's Global Environmental Research Fund with some Canadian support. A second SEEDS iron fertilization experiment was held in the eastern subarctic North Pacific in summer 2004. Another Antarctic/Southern Ocean experiment (~SOFeX - Southern Ocean Iron Experiment) was conducted during ~January-February 2002 involving a large number of US universities and institutes and bankrolled by the US NSF and Department of Energy.^^/55^^ The expedition dumped almost three tonnes of iron particles from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography research vessel.^^/56^^\n\nThe results of this experiment worried many.Dr. Kenneth Coale, chief scientist on the expedition and director of the Moss Landing Marine Laboratories in California, told the science press at the time that iron fertilization could theoretically sterilize portions of the Pacific.^^/57^^ Researchers recalled the "optimistic"words of the late John Martin, former director at Moss Landing, who first articulated the "iron hypothesis" and in 1991, famously enthused that if he had a half-tanker of iron he could create a new Ice Age.^^/58^^\n\nA few months later, during ~July-August 2002, yet another iron fertilization expedition struck out for the Gulf of Alaska - SERIES (Subarctic Ecosystem Response to Iron Enrichment Study).^^/59^^ Among the countries involved: Canada (four universities), New Zealand, China and Japan.\n\nWith so many attempts and inconclusive results, one would expect governments to move on. Not this hardy band of mariners. In ~February-March 2004, Europeans sponsored another iron experiment in a patch of sea about 2200 kilometers southwest of Cape Town. EIFEX (European Iron Fertilisation Experiment) included 53 scientists from 14 institutions and three companies from seven European countries and South Africa. Over a nine-week period seven tonnes of iron sulfate were spewed over a 150 sq. km. patch. The Alfred Wegener Institute of Bremerhaven, Germany, which coordinated the exercise, couldn't determine how much phytoplankton actually sank to the deep ocean, but speculated that increased blooms might boost the food supply of the ocean's much-beleaguered whales.^^/60^^\n<<<\n===\n\n* ''Carbon Traitors?'' +++\n<<<\nOcean scientists contacted by ETC Group - even those who have participated in iron fertilization studies in the past - reject large-scale iron seeding as a means to combat climate change, and they are distancing themselves from commercial iron dumping ventures that aim to make money from the carbon market. If iron fertilization of the ocean can suck up carbon dioxide on a massive scale there will be money in it for carbon traders. Carbon trading allows companies or individuals to buy the rights to pollute (i.e., carbon credits) by investing in projects that are deemed by "experts" to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide.\n\n''GreenSea Ventures Inc.'' conducted two early experiments on iron fertilization in the Gulf of Mexico, first in January and again in May 1998.^^/61^^ On its website, the company indicates that the next step is to conduct a large-scale experiment: "In the test, a selected ocean area of about 5,000 square miles would be fertilized with iron and the results, principally the transport of carbon to the deep ocean, studied in detail."^^/62^^ Green Sea estimates that a 5,000 sq.mile application over one month would sequester 100,000-200,000 tonnes CO~~2~~ equivalent - roughly equivalent to what a 1000 acre forest would sequester over a period of 40 years.^^/63^^ There is no indication when the company plans to conduct its large-scale experiment. Michael Markels, a board member of Green Sea Ventures, holds at least five patents and patent applications related to iron fertilization for sequestering CO~~2~~ (see patent table).\n\nCalifornia-based ''Planktos'' is a self-described "ecorestoration firm," created to sell carbon credits to CO~~2~~ polluters by sequestering greenhouse gases.^^/64^^ The company already sells voluntary carbon credits to individuals who want to shrink their carbon footprint by buying "ecosystem restoration credits." (See box: //Carbon Offsets: Forgiving the Sin of Emission//.) Planktos plans to conduct its first "commercial pilot" for iron fertilization in the Pacific (either near Hawaii or French Polynesia) beginning in March or April 2007.^^/65^^ The company aims to "bring home data that will verify permanent sequestration of CO~~2~~ in the deep ocean."^^/66^^ Planktos claims that as a result of iron fertilization, CO~~2~~ via phytoplankton is dragged down to the ocean floor where it remains "permanently" (they use quotation marks as a soft disclaimer), thus reducing greenhouse gases. Planktos also claims that it will use nanoscale particles of iron: "the particles are so small that the sink rate is measured in weeks and months as opposed to minutes."^^/67^^ This is alarming because scientists have warned that environmental release of nanoparticles should be prohibited until more is known about their health and environmental impacts.^^/68^^\n\nWhile the company claims that it "is supported by a renowned fellowship of international ocean science authorities and institutions,"^^/69^^ the company's scientific credentials have been previously called into question^^/70^^ and several scientists contacted by ETC Group denied collaboration with Planktos.\n\nSan Francisco-based, ''Climos'', a new company that aims "to leverage natural processes to reduce greenhouse gasses," will reportedly work on ocean fertilization for controlling atmospheric carbon.^^/71^^ Climos is headed by Dan Whaley, a Silicon Valley entrepreneur who founded an Internet company that was sold in 2000 for $750 million. In December 2006 the company announced that Dr. Margaret Leinen will join Climos as Chief Science Officer. Leinen is former Assistant Director for Geosciences at the US National Science Foundation.\n\nAs The Corner House's Larry Lohmann describes in //Carbon Trading//,^^/72^^ sequestering can be a profitable game of soot and mirrors. Those involved in iron fertilization, for example, optimistically predict annual returns of €75 billion assuming a sequestration cost of about €5 euros per tonne and a carbon trading price of perhaps €25 per tonne.^^/73^^ But even if iron seeding induces blooms that transfer CO~~2~~ from the atmosphere to the deep sea, there is no scientific basis for arguing that it will stay there permanently.^^/74^^ Some scientists assert that the CO~~2~~ reservoirs will eventually be re-exposed.^^/75^^ But companies serving the carbon market need only keep CO~~2~~ out of sight long enough to cash their cheques. If the CO~~2~~ pops back up to the surface in a year or five, proving its source could be extremely difficult.\n\nCritics of industrial-scale iron fertilization schemes point out that "the oceans' food webs and biogeochemical cycles would be altered in unintended ways." ^^/76^^ Others note that iron may not be the ocean's only nutrient "deficiency" - researchers have identified silicate as a crucial component in carbon export, for example - but each "correction" to ocean water composition could have unintended effects. According to US and Canadian scientists writing in the journal //Science//, if carbon trading schemes make it profitable for companies to engage in ocean fertilization, "the cumulative effects of many such implementations would result in large-scale consequences - a classic 'tragedy of the commons.'"^^/77^^\n\nMark Lawrence of Max Planck Institute (Germany) adds that large-scale iron fertilization could have unintended atmospheric and climatic impacts - including ozone depletion and intensified ultraviolet levels on the Earth's surface.^^/78^^\n> // "It's really more of a business experiment than a scientific experiment."// - Russ George, CEO, Planktos, Inc., describing his company's ocean fertilization activities to journalist Wendy Williams.^^/79^^\n<<<\n===\n\n* ''Carbon Offsets: Forgiving the Sin of Emission<br>Indulgences for the 21^^st^^ Century?'' +++\n<<<\nAccording to the //Catholic Encyclopedia//, an indulgence is "a remission of the temporal punishment due to sin." It goes like this: The sinner sins. God, exercising infinite wisdom and/or compassion, may choose to forgive the sinner, but even Divine forgiveness doesn't take away the need for the sin to be punished. "Good works" on the part of the sinner - including prayer, donating money to the Church or reading scriptures - however, can secure the sinner an //indulgence//, which takes away the consequences of the sin (i.e., the punishment that would have been meted out otherwise).\n\nThe carbon market - including the voluntary carbon marketplace, where there is no regulatory requirement to reduce emissions - offers a similar reprieve to businesses and individuals who've committed the sin of greenhouse gas emissions, provided, again, that "good works" are performed. Good works can take the form of writing checks to private companies that, in their infinite wisdom, have been graced with the power to "offset" the sin of emission. Planktos, headquartered in Forest City, CA, for example, claims it can zero out the emissions from a short commuter flight or a longer, international flight for $5 and $20, respectively. If your soul is troubled by the emissions from your gas-guzzling SUV, just give Planktos 50 bucks and they'll get Mother Nature to call it even. If you're already leading an environmentally pious life, you can pay Planktos to act as intercessor on behalf of friends and family: For a fee, Planktos will "carbon neutralize" your friends and family. (See the "~Eco-Restoration Store" at http://www.planktos.com/content/view/90/67/lang,en/)\n\nPlanktos is one of several companies whose carbon-sequestering specialty is fertilizing the ocean with iron. As yet, there is no scientific consensus that iron fertilization is a long-term solution to CO~~2~~ release, that it is safe for the environment or that the amount of permanently captured carbon can be accurately measured. Nonetheless, the details of every Planktos carbon-offset project is "carefully accounted for in a master ledger" so that the numbers can one day be verified through audit (will St. Peter serve as auditor?).^^/80^^ While the Church insists that it cannot forgive a sin (only God has that power), it can take away the punishment for a sin through indulgences. Carbon offset companies may find themselves in the opposite position: They claim the power to forgive sins of emission, but if temperatures continue to rise, the resulting hell-on-earth will punish both the pious and the polluters and expose the folly of praying (paying) to the Gods of Carbon Offsets.\n<<<\n===\n\n* ''Patents Involving Fertilization of Ocean to Sequester CO~~2~~'' +++\n<<<\n|Patent or Application# |Inventor/Assignee |Title |Publication Date |h\n|~US6056919 |Michael Markels |Method of sequestering carbon dioxide |May 2, 2002 |\n|~US6200530 |Michael Markels |Sequestering carbon dioxide in open oceans to counter global warming |March 13, 2001|\n|~US6440367 |Michael Markels / ~GreenSea Venture, Inc. |Method of sequestering carbon dioxide with a fertilizer comprising chelated iron |August 27, 2002|\n|~US5965117 |DuPont |Water-buoyant particulate materials containing micronutrients for phytoplankton |Oct. 12, 1999|\n|~US5992089 |Ian Jones, William Rodgers, Michael Gunaratnam, Helen Young, Elizabeth Woollahra (Australia) |Process for sequestering into the ocean the atmospheric greenhouse gas carbon dioxide by means of supplementing the ocean with ammonia or salts thereof |Nov. 30, 1999|\n|~US20030012691A1 (application) |Michael Markels |Method of sequestering carbon dioxide with a fertilizer comprising chelated iron |Jan. 16, 2003|\n|~WO0065902A1 |Michael Markels |Sequestering carbon dioxide in open oceans to counter global warming |Nov. 9, 2000 |\n//Source: ETC Group//\n<<<\n===\n\n* ''Hurricane season - Future Techno-fixes<br>Sargasso Sea-change'' +++\n<<<\nThis kind of geoengineering is not as "sci-fi" as we would wish. Many of the Western Hemisphere's most devastating hurricanes originate when temperatures rise in the mid-Atlantic - in the Sargasso Sea - the vast oval doldrums encased by the northward flow of a warm tropical current on its west and a chilly south-bound current from the Arctic on its east. Although the Sargasso Sea is known for the profusion of seaweed at its surface, biologists have always regarded the sea as relatively barren.\n\nIn 2004, with grants from the US Department of Energy, Craig Venter - the man who led the private sector mapping of the human genome - steered his 90-foot yacht, the Sorcerer II, into the Sargasso in search of marine microbes sporting novel genes to improve photosynthesis. Months later, Venter told a Washington news conference that he had found 1800 new microbial species and at least 1.2 million novel genes, including photosynthesis genes that could have a major impact on climate change.^^/81^^ With US Department of Energy funding, Craig Venter is committed to creating a new life form - a synthetic construct based upon simple microorganisms - that could be designed to clean up pollution, CO~~2~~ or other greenhouse gases.\n\nGiven the dubious experience with iron fertilization, it could be tempting for desperate governments to try an alternative approach: the release of a living organism made from scratch designed to sequester carbon.\n\nThere are other - possibly related - developments. In 2005 a "Weather Modification" bill (~S517) was introduced in the US Congress that would establish a committee to oversee a national research program on weather modification.^^/82^^ Sponsored by Republican Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison of George W. Bush's home state, Texas, the bill was originally expected to become law before the 2006 hurricane season, but never made it out of committee - and is dead in the water for now.^^/83^^ The bill unexpectedly ran into some opposition from the White House science adviser who was concerned that any technologies that might be introduced to modify the US climate would, inevitably, modify everybody else's climate.^^/84^^\n\nIn April 2006, the US National Science Foundation held its third Hurricane Science and Engineering Task Force Workshop in Pensacola, Florida. Among the options under consideration according to the meeting's co-chair, Prof. Kelvin Droegemeier, a meteorologist at the University of Oklahoma, is creating a biological film over the ocean's surface to divert hurricanes.^^/85^^ Some researchers have lost enthusiasm for the idea of coating the ocean's surface with an oily film (to restrict evaporation and mitigate hurricanes) because the film breaks up in high-wind conditions.^^/86^^ Ross Hoffman of Atmospheric and Environmental Research (Lexington, Massachusetts, USA) is using computer modeling to study how to induce minor changes in weather conditions (e.g., air temperature or humidity) to weaken or divert hurricanes away from population centers. According to Hoffman, who received funding from NASA's Institute for Advanced Concepts, "the goal is not to change the climate, but to control the precise timing and paths of weather systems."^^/87^^ Hoffman speculates, for example, that earth-orbiting solar power stations could supply enough energy to heat the air around a hurricane and adjust the temperature. Hoffman writes that global weather control "might be implemented within a few decades" but will require further breakthroughs in nanotechnology, quantum devices and other areas.\n\nAt the end of 2006, when the UN Convention on Climate Change convened in Nairobi, the Associated Press reported that geoengineering received a surprising amount of attention. What surprised government delegates and CSO observers most was that everybody was taking seriously Crutzen's proposal for stratospheric hazing or deliberate atmospheric polluting. Kyoto, according to the wisdom of the meeting, was on its deathbed, and geoengineering was looking more reasonable everyday. Even as the meeting was underway in Nairobi, the Associated Press added, on the US West Coast, NASA was holding a closed-door meeting to review a number of geoengineering possibilities including global hazing.^^/89^^ Is it coincidence that in mid-2005, NASA - without consulting any of its employees - deleted the phrase, "to understand and protect our home planet" from its mission statement?^^/90^^\n<<<\n===\n\n* ''Solomonic Summers?'' +++\n> The political and ethical dimensions of climate modification are huge. In a 2005 interview in //The Boston Globe//, Harvard's Director of the Laboratory for Geochemical Oceanography, Daniel Schrag asked, "Suppose we could control hurricanes, but stopping one requires an incredibly hot day in Africa that would burn up all the crops."^^/91^^ Schrag goes on, "Let's say you have a mirror in space. Think of two summers ago when we were having this awful cold summer and Europe was having this awful heat wave. Who gets to adjust the mirror?"^^/92^^\n===\n\n* ''White night?'' +++\n<<<\nIn September 2001, officials with the President's Climate Change Technology Program invited about two dozen scientists to participate in a meeting titled "Response Options to Rapid or Severe Climate Change." Despite Bush's rejection of the Kyoto protocol six months earlier, the White House was quietly checking out its options. Among those invited were physicists from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (Edward Teller's //alma mater//, from where he developed the hydrogen bomb and launched his 1997 geoengineering proposal). The interest in geoengineering was intense. One of the organizers of the White House gathering was Dr. Michael MacCracken, a former senior scientist at the U.S. Global Change Research Program and, also, formerly with Lawrence Livermore. "We already are inadvertently changing the climate," MacCracken told one science journal, "so why not advertently try to counterbalance it?"^^/93^^\n\nThis kind of thinking is not out of character. After World War II, the US Office of Naval Research and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography cooperated on studies that led to the atomic bomb testing in the Pacific being called //"a wonderful oceanographic tool."//^^/94^^ The director of the Scripps oceanographic programme at that time was Dr. Roger Revelle who complained that "ignorance and emotionalism" dominated the discourse about radioactive waste dumping at sea. The Scripps vessel used in at least one of the iron fertilization experiments, was //The Revelle//.\n\nThe bottom line is this: does anyone really think that the current US administration (or its counterparts in China or Russia, for that matter) would shy away from geoengineering the stratosphere or the ocean in order to save their oil industries or ward off their coastal cities?\n\n> //"As remedies for the CO~~2~~-climate problem, all proposed geoengineering schemes have serious flaws. Nevertheless, I judge it likely that this century will see serious debate about - and perhaps implementation of - deliberate planetary-scale engineering."// - David W. Keith, Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Dept. of Economics, University of Calgary^^/95^^\n<<<\n===\n\n* ''Recommendations'' +++\n<<<\nETC Group believes that geoengineering is the wrong response to climate change. Experimentation that could alter the structure of the oceans or the stratosphere should not proceed without thorough and informed public debate on its consequences, and UN authorization. Geoengineering must not be undertaken unilaterally by any nation. The United Nations must reaffirm (and, if necessary, expand) the Environmental Modification Convention (ENMOD) recognizing that any unilateral modification of weather or climate is a threat to neighboring countries and, very likely, the entire international community. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change should revisit the concept and practice of carbon trading and replace this market-based "solution" with direct, measurable standards for CO~~2~~ emission reduction at source. OECD states must redouble their efforts to reduce their consumption of fossil fuels and to curtail other wasteful practices that contribute to global warming.\n<<<\n===\n\n* ''Endnotes'': +++\n<<<\n1/ David Adam, "US Government answer to global warming: Smoke and giant mirrors," //The Guardian//, 27 January 2007.\n\n2/ Rutenberg, Jim, "Solution to Greenhouse Gases is New Nuclear Plants, Bush Says," //New York Times//, May 25, 2006. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/25/washington/25bush.html\n\n3/ Peter Gwynne, "The Cooling World," //Newsweek//, April 28, 1975.\n\n4/ According to the US State Department (on its web site, November 28, 2005) the US and the Soviet Union introduced identical treaty texts at the UN in 1975, and the treaty came into force on May 18, 1978. The strongly worded treaty bans all military and other hostile efforts at environmental modification but does not preclude beneficial modifications. To date, 51 countries have ratified the treaty including almost all major OECD and South governments except South Africa and Mexico.\n\n5/ David W. Keith, Forthcoming in "Climate Change Science and Policy," Steven Schneider and Mike Mastrandrea editors, to be published by Island Press.\n\n6/ Definition adapted from David W. Keith, Forthcoming in "Climate Change Science and Policy," Steven Schneider and Mike Mastrandrea editors, to be published by Island Press.\n\n7/ Spiegel.com, "Potentially Worst Nuclear Plant Incident since Chernobyl Ignored By American Media," August 4, 2006.\n\n8/ See Andrew Lichterman, Program Director, Western States Legal Foundation, Rally Address, ''Speak Out at ~StratCom'', Omaha, Nebraska, August 2, 2003. http://www.wslfweb.org/docs/stratcomtalk.htm\n\n9/ Bennett, Drake. "Don't like the weather? Change it -The weird science of weather modification makes a comeback," //Boston Globe//, July 3, 2005. http://www.boston.com/news/weather/articles/2005/07/03/dont_like_the_weather_change_it/\n\n10/ //Ibid.//\n\n11/ Ravilious, Kate. "Kicking up a storm with the cloud seeders," //New Scientist//, 16 April, 2005, pp. 40-43.\n\n12/ //Ibid.//\n\n13/ //Ibid.//\n\n14/ Ravilious, Kate. Kicking up a storm with the cloud seeders," //New Scientist//, 16 April, 2005, pp. 40-43 This article adds UAE, Australia, Israel, Russia, South Africa and India to the list of countries using weather modification.\n\n15/ Pendick, Daniel. "Cloud Dancers: Will Efforts To Change The Weather Ever Attain Scientific Legitimacy?" //Scientific American//, 2000, pp 64-69.\n\n16/ Col. Tamzy J. House //et al.//, [[Weather as a Force Multiplier: Owning the Weather in 2025]], August 1996, pp. 7-8.\n\n17/ Ravilious, Kate. "Kicking up a storm with the cloud seeders", //New Scientist//, 16 April, 2005, pp. 40-43.\n\n18/ "Thai king's patent to make rain", BBC News, May 27, 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/asia-pacific/2940430.stm\n\n19/ McNeill, J. R. //Something New Under The Sun: An Environmental History Of The ~Twentieth-Century World.// New York: Norton & Co., 2000, p. 357.\n\n20/ David Adam, "US Government answer to global warming: Smoke and giant mirrors," //The Guardian//, 27 January 2007.\n\n21/ //Ibid.//\n\n22/ Prestowitz, Clyde, //Three Billion New Capitalists: The Great Shift Of Wealth And Power To The East//. New York: Basic Books. 2005, p. 259.\n\n23/ Glenn, Jerome C. and Theodore J. Gordon, //2005 State of the Future//, Washington DC: American Council for the United Nations University, 2005, p 36.\n\n24/ //Ibid.//\n\n25/ //Ibid.//\n\n26/ //Ibid.//\n\n27/ According to Planktos, Inc. website: "…we use this material in a nano-particle form where the particles are so small that the sink rate is measured in weeks and months as opposed to minutes. Our material is the very same natural iron that the ocean plants receive from dust storms only in much smaller particles. One advantage of such small particles is that they linger so long in the surface waters that the iron is slowly made biologically available." http://www.planktos.com/educational/thedebate.htm (viewed February 1, 2007).\n\n28/ Bob Henson, "Big Fixes for Climate?" //UCAR Quarterly//, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Fall, 2006. http://www.ucar.edu/communications/quarterly/fall06/bigfix.jsp\n\n29/ Behar, Michael. "How ~Earth-Scale Engineering Can Save the Planet." //Popular Science//, June 2005. John Latham of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (USA) is investigating the feasibility of using salt particles to whiten clouds and thus deflect sunlight. http://www.popsci.com/popsci/aviationspace/3afd8ca927d05010vgnvcm1000004eecbccdrcrd.html\n\n30/ An experimental project in Weyburn, Saskatchewan (Canada) expects to sequester 22 million tonnes of CO~~2~~ over the next 20 years. The experiment is supported by a multinational consortium including the US Department of Energy. Also see: U.S. Department of Energy Media Release, "DOE Reports on Success of Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships: Groundwork in Place to Validate Technologies in Next Phase of Program," //Fossil Energy Techline// (2 May 2005). http://www.fe.doe.gov/news/techlines/2005/tl_regional_partnerships_phase1.html\n\n31/ Paul J. Crutzen, Nobel laureate, of the Max Planck Institute is investigating the use of sulfate aerosols. http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/84/i38/8438notw9.html . However, according to Dr. Ken Caldeira of the Carnegie Institution Department of Global Ecology at Stanford University, "One of the problems of putting sulphate particles in the stratosphere is that it would destroy the ozone layer; so you might solve the global warming problem, but then we'd all die of that." As quoted by Molly Bentley in BBC, "Guns and sunshades to rescue climate, " 2 March 2006.\n\n32/ Teller, Edward, L. Wood, and R. Hyde//, Global Warming and Ice Ages: Prospects for ~Physics-Based Modulation of Global Change//, prepared for submittal to the 22nd International Seminar on Planetary Emergencies, Erice (Sicily), Italy, August 20-23, 1997.\n\n33/ Paul J. Crutzen, "Geology of mankind," //Nature//, 415, 23 (3 January 2002).\n\n34/ Flannery, Tim. //The Weather Makers: How Man is Changing The Climate and What It Means For Life On Earth//. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2005, p. 191.\n\n35/ //Ibid.//\n\n36/ National Academy of Sciences Report, National Research Council, "//Research Committee on the Status of and Future Directions in U.S. Weather Modification Research and Operations,//" Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Division on Earth and Life Studies, 2003; on the Internet: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10829.html\n\nAlso cited in: Bennett, Drake. "Don't like the weather? Change it - The weird science of weather modification makes a comeback," //Boston Globe//, July 3, 2005.\n\n37/ Paul J. Crutzen, "Albedo Enhancement by Stratospheric Sulfur Injections: A Contribution to Resolve a Policy Dilemma?" //Climatic Change// (2006) 77: 211 - 219.\n\n38/ Broad, William J., "How to Cool a Planet (Maybe)" //New York Times//, June 27, 2006. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/27/science/earth/27cool.html\n\n39/ //Ibid.//\n\n40/ //Ibid.//\n\n41/ David W. Keith, "Engineering the Planet," forthcoming in //Climate Change Science and Policy//, Steven Schneider and Mike Mastrandrea editors, to be published by Island Press.\n\n42/ Alex Kirby, "Pollution: A life and death issue," //BBC News online//, 13 Dec. 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4086809.stm\n\n43/ J.H. Martin //et al.//, "Testing the Iron Hypothesis in Ecosystems of the Equatorial Pacific Ocean," //Nature//, Vol. 371, 8 September 1994, pp. 123-129. See also: http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/proceedings/01/carbon_seq/carbon_seq01.html#Session6B\n\n44/ J.H. Martin, //et al.//, "Testing the Iron Hypothesis in Ecosystems of the Equatorial Pacific Ocean," //Nature//, Vol. 371, 8 September 1994, p. 123.\n\n45/ //Ibid.// p. 129.\n\n46/ Michael Behrenfeld //et al//., "Confirmation of iron limitation of phytoplankton photosynthesis in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean," //Nature//, Vol. 383, 10 October 1996, pp. 508-511.\n\n47/ Kenneth Coale //et al.// "A Massive Phytoplankton Bloom Induced by an Ecosystem-scale Iron Fertilization Experiment in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean," //Nature//, Vol. 383, 10 October 1996, p. 501.\n\n48/ Philip Boyd, et al., "A Mesoscale Phytoplankton Bloom in the Polar Southern Ocean Stimulated by Iron Fertilization," //Nature//, Vol. 407, 12 October 2000, pp. 695-702. See also: NIWA Science, Media Release, "Iron makes the southern ocean bloom," 12 October 2000. http://www.niwascience.co.nz/pubs/mr/archive/2000-10-12-1\n\n49/ NIWA Science, Media Release, "Iron makes the southern ocean bloom," 12 October 2000. http://www.niwascience.co.nz/pubs/mr/archive/2000-10-12-1\n\n50/ "//NASA Development May Help Solve Ocean Biology Problem//", NASA News, Feb. 10, 2005 http://www.nasa.gov/lb/home/hqnews/2005/feb/HQ_05042_bio_problem.html\n\n51/ Associated Press, "NASA: Global warming reducing ocean's food supply," December 7, 2006. http://www.cnn.com\n\n52/ Wikipedia, "Iron fertilization," as of December 15, 2006.\n\n53/ Victor Smetacek, ~EisenEx: International Team Conducts Iron Experiment In Southern Ocean," U.S. JGOFS Newsletter, January 2001. http://www1.whoi.edu/general_info/vol111.pdf\n\n54/ "Preliminary Results of Subarctic Pacific Iron Experiment for Ecosystem Dynamics Study (SEEDS) in 2001 and 2002", Report by Atsushi Tsuda, Subarctic Fisheries Oceanography Division, Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institute, in MAFF Update, Number 476: A weekly update of news from the Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. http://www.maff.go.jp/mud/476.html\n\n55/ Cruise History and Purpose, ~SOFeX Cruise, ~January-February, 2002. http://www.mbari.org/expeditions/SOFeX2002/history&purpose.htm Cruze Description, Southern Ocean Iron Experiment (~SOFeX) Cruise: http://www.mbari.org/expeditions/SOFeX2002/ "Moss Landing researchers reveal iron as key to climate change", Press release, 15 April 2004, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI). http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2004/sofex.html Ken O. Buesseler,* John E. Andrews, Steven M. Pike, Matthew A. Charette, "//The Effects of Iron Fertilization on Carbon Sequestration in the Southern Ocean//, Science Magazine, April 16, 2004, Vol. 304. no. 5669, pp. 414 - 417, http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/304/5669/414\n\n57/ //Ibid.//\n\n58/ //Ibid.//\n\n59/ Philip Boyd, et al., "The Decline and Fate of an ~Iron-Induced Subarctic Phytoplankton Bloom," //Nature//, Vol. 428, 1 April 2004, pp. 549-553.\n\n60/ News Release: Alfred Wegener Institute, "Iron fertilisation of the ocean raises the food supply of marine animals and transports carbon dioxide to the deep ocean," Bremerhaven, 5 April 2004. http://www.awibremerhaven.de/AWI/Presse/PM/pm04-1.hj/040402EIFEX-e.html\n\n61/ Michael Markels and Richard Barber, "Sequestration of CO~~2~~ by Ocean Fertilization," Poster Presentation for NETL Conference on Carbon Sequestration, May 14-17, 2001.\n\n62/ ~GreenSea Development Agenda, ~GreenSea Venture, Inc. http://www.greenseaventure.com/agenda.html\n\n63/ Questions and Concerns [about iron fertilization], ~GreenSea Venture, Inc. http://www.greenseaventure.com/Questions_Concerns.html\n\n64/ On the Internet: http://www.planktos.com/content/view/12/26/\n\n65/ Telephone interview with William Coleman, Chief Operating Officer, Planktos, December 20, 2006.\n\n66/ //Ibid.//\n\n67/ The Debate [on iron fertilization], Planktos, Inc. http://www.planktos.com/educational/thedebate.htm (viewed February 1, 2007).\n\n68/ Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering, //Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies: Opportunities and Uncertainties//, July 2004.\n\n69/ Planktos, Inc. "Slowing the Pace of Ocean & Climate Change," company information sent to ETC Group via email, by Bill Coleman, Chief Operating Officer of Planktos, December 2006.\n\n70/ Wendy Williams, "Iron Fertilzation," //Living on Earth// radio show, 2003. http://www.loe.org/series/iron_fertilization/\n\n71/ The Climate Change of Capital, Tuesday, December 5th, Stanford Graduate School of Business, http://socialfusion.org/dec5.html\n\n72/ Lohmann, Larry //et.al.//, Carbon Trading: A Critical Conversation on Climate Change, Privatisation and Power, //Development Dialogue//, no. 48 September 2006.\n\n73/ From Wikipedia, "<<wikipedia "iron fertilization">>" as of December 15, 2006.\n\n74/ Paul Preuss, "Climate Change Scenarios Compel Studies of Ocean Carbon Storage," //Science Beat//, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Feb. 1, 2001. http://enews.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/sea-carb-bish.html\n\n75/ Sallie Chisholm //et al.//, "~Dis-Crediting Ocean Fertilization," //Science//, Vol. 294, 12 October 2001.\n\n76/ //Ibid.//\n\n77/ //Ibid.//\n\n78/ Mark Lawrence, "Side Effects of Oceanic Iron Fertilization," //Science//, 20 September 2002: Vol. 297, no. 5589, p. 1993.\n\n79/ Wendy Williams, "Iron Fertilzation," //Living on Earth// radio show, 2003. http://www.loe.org/series/iron_fertilization/ See also: Wendy Williams, "Cashing in on Climate Change: Unproven Carbon Sequestration Strategies Draw 'Environmental Entrepreneurs,'" //Northern Sky News//, May 2003. http://www.newenergytimes.com/SR/CashIn/CashonClimateChange.html\n\n80/ Email communication with Planktos, December 21, 2006.\n\n81/ J. Craig Venter Institute, Press Release, "IBEA Researchers Publish Results From Environmental Shotgun Sequencing of Sargasso Sea. Discover 1800 New Species And 1.2 Million New Genes. Including Nearly 800 New Photoreceptor Genes," Mar 4, 2004. http://www.venterinstitute.org/press/news/news_2004_03_04.php\n\n82/ S. 517: //Weather Modification Research and Technology Transfer Authorization Act of 2005,// Introduced: Mar 3, 2005; Sponsor: Sen. Kay Hutchison [~R-TX]. 109th Congress.\n\n83/ //Ibid.//\n\n84/ Letter from John H. Marburger, Director of White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, to Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison, December 13, 2005. http://www.legislative.noaa.gov/viewsletters/marburgerweathermodviewsletter121305.pdf\n\n85/ Sowder, Amy, "Hurricane workshop to meet in Bay Area - National Science Board to take look at recovery," //Pensacola News Journal//, April 17, 2006.\n\n86/ Telephone communication with Prof. Kerry Emanuel, MIT and Prof. Kelvin Droegemeier, Meteorologist, University of Oklahoma, 11 January 2007.\n\n87/ Ross Hoffman, "Controlling the Global Weather," BAMS, American Meteorological Society, February 2002.\n\n88/ //Ibid.//\n\n89/ Charles J. Hanley, "Top Scientists Say Man May Need to Dirty Skies to Shield against Warming" //Associated Press//, November 16, 2006, as distributed by Environmental News Network.\n\n90/ Andrew C. Revkin, "NASA's Goals Delete Mention of Home Planet," //New York Times//, July 22, 2006.\n\n91/ Bennett, Drake. "Don't like the weather? Change it - The weird science of weather modification makes a comeback," //Boston Globe//, July 3, 2005.\n\n92/ //Ibid.//\n\n93/ Michael Behar, "How ~Earth-Scale Engineering Can Save the Planet," //Popular Science//, June 2005. On the Internet: http://www.popsci.com\n\n94/ Helen M. Rozwadowski and David K. van Keuren, eds., //The Machine in Neptune's Garden: Historical Perspectives on Technology and the Marine Environment//, Canton, Mass.: Watson, 2004.\n\n95/ David W. Keith, "Engineering the Planet," forthcoming in //Climate Change Science and Policy//, Steven Schneider and Mike Mastrandrea editors, to be published by Island Press.\n<<<\n* ''About ETC Group'' +++\n> ETC Group is an international civil society organization based in Canada. We are dedicated to the conservation and sustainable advancement of cultural and ecological diversity and human rights.ETC Group supports socially responsible development of technologies useful to the poor and marginalized and we address international governance issues affecting the international community. We also monitor the ownership and control of technologies and the consolidation of corporate power.\n> http://www.etcgroup.org\n===\n

''Issue'': Kyoto is fading and carbon trading is a farce. Recognizing this, OECD states can either "bite the bullet" and adopt socially-responsible policies to dramatically cut fossil fuel use and useless consumption or, they can hope for a "silver bullet" - some new techno-fix that might let them have their cake and eat it too. The silver bullet may be winning. At the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the US government is lobbying for "geoengineering" activities such as deliberately polluting the stratosphere to deflect sunlight and lower temperatures.^^/1^^ At least 9 national governments and the European Union have supported experiments to spread iron filings on the ocean surface to nurture plankton and sequester carbon dioxide. At least a dozen additional countries are involved in stratospheric weather/climate modification. Commercial carbon traders are engaging in ocean fertilization as well. The scientific debate and the government/commercial experimentation is taking place, once again, in the absence of public discussion.\n\n''Impact'': The "proof of principle" that we can indeed geoengineer the earth's climate is beyond dispute. That's why we have climate change. However, the notion that we can successfully correct our unintentional destructiveness with intentional geoengineering seems ludicrous. For the governments who caused the problem to experiment together on geoengineering solutions - outside the UN and without the participation of the South who bear the brunt of global warming and would likely bear the risks of geoengineering - is a grave miscalculation.\n\n''Fora'': In 1978, at the request of the USA and USSR, the UN General Assembly adopted the [[Environmental Modification Convention|Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques]] (ENMOD) prohibiting governments from using weather or climate as a weapon against other states. The UN General assembly must reopen debate on its 1978 Treaty in the light of new technologies and new private and public initiatives underway around the world aimed at restructuring the stratosphere and/or the oceans to the advantage of some governments and the disadvantage of others. Other UN agencies dealing with the impact of climate change must also address this issue. This includes the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), UN Environment Programme (UNEP), UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).\n\n''Policies'': The United Nations must reaffirm (and, if necessary, expand) the Environmental Modification Treaty recognizing that any unilateral modification of weather or climate is a threat to neighboring countries and, very likely, the entire international community. Experimentation that could alter the structure of the oceans or the stratosphere should not proceed without public consent and UN authorization. The IPCC should revisit the concept and practice of carbon trading and replace this market-based "solution" with direct measurable standards for CO~~2~~ emission reduction at source. OECD states must redouble their efforts to reduce their consumption of fossil fuels and to curtail other wasteful practices that contribute to global warming. The issue of geoengineering and its far-reaching social, ethical and political implications should be on the agenda of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, 3-14 December 2007 in Bali, and the World Meteorological Organization's 15^^th^^ Congress in May 2007.\n\n''Notes'':\n1/ David Adam, "US Government answer to global warming: Smoke and giant mirrors," //The Guardian//, 27 January 2007.

'Gandhi-King Season for Nonviolence'\n\n[[www.gandhi-king-season.net/|http://www.gandhi-king-season.net/|

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* [[Geneva Convention I: for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field]]\n* [[Geneva Convention II: for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea]]\n* [[Geneva Convention III: relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War]]\n* [[Geneva Convention IV: relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War]]\n* [[Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts]]\n* [[Protocol II Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts]]

<<<\n"//the deliberate modification of earth's environment on a large scale to suit human needs and promote habitability; also written geo-engineering"//\nfrom //Webster's New Millennium Dictionary of English, Preview Edition//, via [[dictionary.com|http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/geoengineering]]\n<<<\nTiddlers tagged with "geoengineering are displayed below using the {{{<<siteMap geoengineering>>}}} plugin macro.\n<<siteMap geoengineering>>

It has taken us some time to realize the influence we can wield over the planet. Back in 1930, Robert Millikan - physicist and Nobel laureate - insisted there was no danger that human activity could do lasting harm to anything as powerful as earth.^^/8^^ Even as he was speaking, chemists were inventing CFCs - chlorofluorocarbons - the chemical cocktail responsible for thinning stratospheric ozone at an alarming rate, whose use eventually led to intergovernmental action in the mid-1980s: the Vienna and Montréal Accords phased out the production of CFCs.\n\nLikewise, the notion of a technological fix for global warming isn't new either. In the 1940s, Bernard Vonnegut (the novelist Kurt Vonnegut's brother) - a well-respected meteorologist - discovered that silver iodide smoke could cause clouds to give up their rain.^^/9^^ His discovery kick-started serious government efforts to manipulate the environment. Until then, cloud-seeding had been the preserve of crackpots and con artists, but by 1951, 10% of the US was under clouds that had been commercially seeded.^^/10^^ Governments and industry have a sometimes ignoble history tampering with the weather, including the CIA's top secret "Project Popeye"rainmaking campaign that began in 1966 and ran for seven years and 2300 cloud seeding missions over the Ho Chi Minh Trail during the Vietnam War.^^/11^^ The goal was to make the trail impassible and, as a bonus, to drown out North Vietnam's rice crop. While rains did increase, the Air Force couldn't establish a clear link to its covert campaign.\n\nMaking rain has always been a tricky proposition. In 1952, flash flooding in Lynmouth in southwest Britain killed 34 people and was attributed (perhaps mistakenly) to clandestine Royal Air Force experiments at rainmaking.^^/12^^ As the UN Conference on the Human Environment was convening in Stockholm in 1972, a cloudburst drowned 238 people in Rapid City, South Dakota, USA on a day when seeding experiments were going on nearby.^^/13^^ Over time, the public has built up a healthy distrust of both public and private efforts to inject our clouds with artificial silver linings.\n\nRecently, more convincing experiments have focused on "hygroscopic cloud seeding" - that is, warm-cloud seeding, as opposed to cold-cloud seeding (glaciogenic). Results from experiments at the South African National Precipitation and Rainfall Enhancement Programme earned researchers there the United Arab Emirates' 2005 Prize for Excellence in Advancing the Science and Practice of Weather Modification. Other warm-cloud seeding projects have taken place in the USA, Thailand, China, India, Australia, Israel, South Africa, Russia, United Arab Emirates and Mexico.^^/14^^ According to the UN's World Meteorological Organization (WMO), at least 26 governments were routinely conducting weather-altering experiments in 2000.^^/15^^ By 2003-2004, only 16 WMO member countries reported weather modification activities, although weather modification activities are known to have taken place in many additional countries (see map).\n\nMany of the world's military powers remain fascinated with weather control. A US Air Force report entitled //[[Weather as a Force Multiplier: Owning the weather in 2025]]// concluded that the weather "can provide battle space dominance to a degree never before imagined," including the ability to thwart an enemy's operations by enhancing a storm or by inducing drought and making fresh water scarce.^^/16^^ In 2004, two Chinese cities in Henan province - Pingdingshan and Zhoukou - came close to fighting when they both tried to alter local weather patterns by blasting tiny silver iodide particles into the troposphere (the lowest portion of Earth's atmosphere).^^/17^^ The city downwind accused the city upwind of stealing its weather. This hasn't deterred the Chinese government from promising the International Olympic Committee that China will use weather modification to guarantee sunny days for the 2008 Beijing Olympics. If so, they'd better check with the King of Thailand, who - in 2006 - was granted two patents covering rainmaking processes.^^/18^^ It would be a shame if a patent dispute rained on the Olympic parade!\n\nGeopolitical engineering (without Borders) Lessons learned? The history of weather modification - both for economic and military purposes - is unquestionably spotty. Will governments do any better responding to climate change? Governments did act responsibly (though some would argue, belatedly) on ozone depletion and phased out CFCs under the Montréal Protocol of 1987.^^/19^^\n\nThere was no real alternative because the hole in the ozone layer was directly traced to CFCs and the impact led directly to skin cancer on the beaches where rich people holiday. Confronted with the ozone hole, neither industry nor governments could come up with a quick alternative strategy to banning CFCs.\n\nThe causes and implications of climate change are much more complex and there are still many politicians and pundits seeking an upside. In the years since the 1974 discovery of the ozone hole, voters in OECD countries, at least, have been "dumbed-down" and conditioned by corporations and politicians to believe that an effective response to climate change can be achieved painlessly. Today, industry and governments will not just confuse the issue, but point to a technological fix which, they hope, will safeguard the //status quo// of the wealthy.\n\n//The Guardian// recently reported, for example, that the US is unhappy with the draft of a major 3-part report being prepared by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).^^/20^^ The US doesn't care for the report's "focus on the negative effects" of climate change or its rejection of voluntary agreements and is pushing for techno-fix strategies to be given a prominent place in the final report's recommendations.^^/21^^\n\nAnother strategy of the emissions-reduction deniers is to focus on improved efficiency. Clyde Prestos, for example, a much-published corporate cheerleader, enthuses that US motorists now get twice as much out of a barrel of oil than they did in 1975. Using the latest technologies, Prestos asserts, the US could double oil efficiency once more.^^/22^^ It takes 33% less energy to produce a unit of G.P. in wealthy economies today than it did in the mid-70s.^^/23^^ The world wastes 2.3 billion gallons of gas yearly just in traffic jams.^^/24^^ We don't need to change our lifestyle - just improve our efficiency. No need to think about cutting consumption or conserving - we can always count on new technologies. Bring on the SUVs! Not to worry that humanity may have consumed more natural resources since World War II than in all the years before.^^/25^^ Nor that world energy demand - despite much-publicized potential improvements in efficiency - is forecast to jump 60%, from 2002 to 2030,and to require about $568 billion in new investments every year.^^/26^^\n\nSo, if governments aren't prepared to ask their citizens to change their lifestyles, is geoengineering a real option? The concept is rapidly gaining ground.\n\n''Notes'': +++\n\n8/ See http://www.wslfweb.org/docs/stratcomtalk.htm\n\n9/ Bennett, Drake. "Don't like the weather? Change it -The weird science of weather modification makes a comeback," //Boston Globe//, July 3, 2005.\n\n10/ Bennett, Drake. "Don't like the weather? Change it -The weird science of weather modification makes a comeback," //Boston Globe//, July 3, 2005.\n\n11/ Ravilious, Kate. "Kicking up a storm with the cloud seeders," //New Scientist//, 16 April, 2005, pp. 40-43.\n\n12/ //Ibid.//\n\n13/ //Ibid.//\n\n14/ Ravilious, Kate. Kicking up a storm with the cloud seeders," //New Scientist//, 16 April, 2005, pp. 40-43 This article adds UAE, Australia, Israel, Russia, South Africa and India to the list of countries using weather modification.\n\n15/ Pendick, Daniel. "Cloud Dancers: Will Efforts To Change The Weather Ever Attain Scientific Legitimacy?" //Scientific American//, 2000, pp 64-69.\n\n16/ Col. Tamzy J. House //et al.//, [[Weather as a Force Multiplier: Owning the Weather in 2025]], August 1996, pp. 7-8.\n\n17/ Ravilious, Kate. Kicking up a storm with the cloud seeders," //New Scientist//, 16 April, 2005, pp. 40-43.\n\n18/ BBC News, http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/asia-pacific/2940430.stm\n\n19/ McNeill, J. R. //Something New Under The Sun: An Environmental History Of The Twentieth-Century World.// New York: Norton & Co., 2000, p. 357.\n\n20/ David Adam, "US Government answer to global warming: Smoke and giant mirrors," //The Guardian//, 27 January 2007.\n\n21/ //Ibid.//\n\n22/ Prestowitz, Clyde, //Three Billion New Capitalists: The Great Shift Of Wealth And Power To The East//. New York: Basic Books. 2005, p. 259.\n\n23/ Glenn, Jerome C. and Theodore J. Gordon, //2005 State of the Future//, Washington DC: American Council for the United Nations University, 2005, p 36.\n\n24/ //Ibid.//\n\n25/ //Ibid.//\n\n26/ //Ibid.//\n===\n

The Peace Caucus is compiling a glossary of geoengineering terms, the first draft of which follows:\n\n''Active Denial System'' (ADS) - developed by the Air Force, is a vehicle-mounted nonlethal, counter-personnel directed energy weapon. The ADS projects a focused beam of millimeter energy waves to induce an intolerable burning sensation on an adversary's skin, repelling the individual without causing injury\n\n''Biota'' - The animal and plant life of a particular region considered as a total ecological entity. [dictionary]\n\n''Climatology'' - The study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time, and is a branch of the atmospheric sciences. Basic knowledge of climate can be used within shorter term weather forecasting using analog techniques such as teleconnections and climate indices.\n\nThe study of long-range weather patterns. Climate is the average, or accumulated, weather for a region over a period of time, including extreme conditions and their frequencies. The longer data is gathered for an area, the more accurately its climate can be measured and its future climate predicted.\n\n''Cloud Seeding'' - A form of weather modification, is the attempt to change the amount or type of precipitation that falls from clouds, by dispersing substances into the air that serve as cloud condensation or ice nuclei. The usual intent is to increase precipitation, but hail suppression is also widely practiced. Silver iodide and dry ice are the most commonly used substances in cloud seeding.\n\n''Directed energy weapons'' - Amplify, or disrupt, the power of an electromagnetic field by projecting enough energy to overheat and permanently damage circuitry, or jam, overpower, and misdirect the processing in computerized systems\n\n''Domination of the Electromagnetic Spectrum'' - DOD now emphasizes maximum control of the entire electromagnetic spectrum, including the capability to disrupt all current and future communication systems, sensors, and weapons systems. This may include: (1) navigation warfare, including methods for offensive space operations where global positioning satellites may be disrupted; or, (2) methods to control adversary radio systems; and, (3) methods to place false images onto radar systems, block directed energy weapons, and misdirect unmanned aerial vehicles (~UAVs) or robots operated by adversaries.\n\n''Electromagnetic Bomb'' - An electromagnetic bomb or E-bomb is a weapon designed to disable electronics with an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) which can couple with electrical/electronic systems to produce damaging current and voltage surges. The effects are usually not noticeable beyond the blast radius unless the device is nuclear or specifically designed to produce an electromagnetic pulse.\n\nThe electromagnetic pulse was first observed during high altitude nuclear weapon detonations.\n\nElectromagnetic weapons are still mostly classified and research surrounding them is highly secret. Military speculators and experts generally think that E-bombs use explosively pumped flux compression generator technology as their power source.\n\nAccording to some reports, the U.S. Navy used experimental E-bombs during the 1991 Gulf War. These bombs utilized warheads that converted the energy of conventional explosives into a pulse of radio energy. CBS News also reported that the U.S. dropped an E-bomb on Iraqi TV during the 2003 invasion of Iraq, but this has not been confirmed.\n\n''Electromagnetic ~Non-Kinetic Weapons'' - ~Non-Kinetic weapons emit directed electromagnetic energy that, in short pulses, may permanently disable enemy computer circuitry\n\n''Electromagnetic Pulse'' (EM) -\n# Electromagnetic radiation from an explosion (especially a nuclear explosion) or an intensely fluctuating magnetic field caused by Compton-recoil electrons and photoelectrons from photons scattered in the materials of the electronic or explosive device or in a surrounding medium. The resulting electric and magnetic fields may couple with electrical/electronic systems to produce damaging current and voltage surges. See Electromagnetic bomb for details on the damages resulting to electronic devices. The effects are usually not noticeable beyond the blast radius unless the device is nuclear or specifically designed to produce an electromagnetic shockwave.\n# A broadband, high-intensity, short-duration burst of electromagnetic energy.\n\n''Electronic Warfare'' (EW) - Any military action involving the direction or control of electromagnetic spectrum energy to deceive or attack the enemy. High power electromagnetic energy can be used as a tool to overload or disrupt the electrical circuitry of almost any equipment that uses transistors, micro-circuits, or metal wiring.\n\n''Endothermic mode'' - The howitzer sucks energy out of the target area, essentially creating a blast of cold at the distant target. It is even capable of freezing parts of the ocean. In the endothermic mode the sucked-out energy must go somewhere, so it is vented out at some other chosen spot on the earth.\n\nNote: By using both of these heat (exothermic) and cold (endothermic) modes together the weather can be altered anywhere. Warm the air over here, cool it down over there, put a curl in the jet stream, dissipate clouds, create clouds, whip up a tornado.\n\n''Environmental modification techniques'' - Any technique for changing-through the deliberate manipulation of natural processes-the dynamics, composition, or structure of the earth, including its biota, lithosphere, hydrosphere, or of outer space. [ENMOD]\n\n''Environmental war'' - # the intentional modification of a system of the natural ecology, such as climate and weather, earth systems such as the ionosphere, magnetosphere, tectonic plate system, and/or the triggering of seismic events (earthquakes)\n# to cause intentional physical, economic, and psycho-social, and physical destruction to an intended target geophysical or population location,\n# as part of strategic or tactical war.\nThe definition can be broadened to include use of depleted Uranium.\n\n''Environmental war weapons systems'' - Can include chemtrails, chemical weapons systems (climate and weather modification) and electromagnetic weapons systems (climate and weather modification; seismic warfare).\n\n''Ethnic-specific bioweapons'' -\n\n''Exosphere'' - The layer above 120 miles' altitude contains so few molecules that many of them are actually able to escape the earth's gravity and fly off into space. The exosphere is the domain of satellites and space shuttles, a transitional zone between the earth's atmosphere and interplanetary space. The exosphere has no real upper boundary; it just becomes more and more diffuse until it is no longer detectable\n\nFrom unsuccessful Space Preservation Act of 2001 introduced by Ohio Congressman Dennis Kucinich (From Congressional Research Service - CRS Report for Congress - Information Operations, Electronic Warfare, and Cyberware: Capabilities and Related Policy Issues)\n\nChemical\n\nBiological\n\nChemtrails\n\nClimate weapons\n\nElectronic weaponry\n\nEnvironmental weapons\n\nExtraterrestrial weapons\n\nHigh altitude ultra low frequency weapons\n\nInformation weaponry\n\nLaser weapons\n\nPsychotronic weapons\n\nPlasma weapons\n\nSonic weapons\n\nTectonic weapons\n\nUltrasonic weapons\n\n''Exothermic mode'' - Immense EM (electromagnetic) energy blasts outward at the target site. The blast of a scalar howitzer can be of near nuclear level in destructiveness, and can be repeated easily, at that place, or nearby, or anywhere. At a lesser exothermic power setting, it simply destroys all electronics target area. They can render nuclear missiles inoperable as they sit in their silos by "frying" the electronic circuits that guide them. They can bring down any airplane, anywhere in the world, at any time. Any person anywhere, if their exact position is known, can be assassinated without a shot being fired. They can also bring down power grids anywhere in the world, at any time.\n\n''Exotic weapons systems'' - Includes weapons designed to damage space or natural ecosystems (such as the ionosphere and upper atmosphere) or climate, weather, and tectonic systems with the purpose of inducing damage or destruction upon a target population or region on earth or in space. (U.S. Congress H.R. 2977: Space Preservation Act of 2001 - sponsored by Rep. Dennis Kucinich)\n\n''Geoengineering'' - The deliberate modification of Earth's environment on a large scale "to suit human needs and promote habitability". Others define it more narrowly as focusing only on the mineralogy and hydrology of the earth.\n\n''Geophysical warfare'' - Techniques of weather modification employed to produce prolonged periods of drought or storm, thereby weakening a nation's capacity and forcing it to accept the demands of the competitor. In 1966 Dr. Gordon J. F. ~MacDonald wrote: "The key to geophysical warfare is the identification of environmental instabilities to which the addition of a small amount of energy would release vastly greater amounts of energy." He was Associate Director of the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).\n\nNote: UCLA Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPL) has, over the last twenty years, operated HIPAS (High Power Auroral Stimulation) in Fairbanks, Alaska.\n\nIn //Between Two Ages//, Brzezinsky openly discussed conducting war covertly by causing droughts, storms, volcanic eruptions and floods.\n\nThe 1976 ENMOD Convention at United Nations called for a ban on "geophysical warfare."\n\n''Greenhouse Effect'' - The atmosphere acts in much the same way as a greenhouse which protects plants by trapping solar energy during cold weather. Because only a small fraction of the Sun's heat ever reaches Earth, the atmosphere acts in much the same way to sustain life. If not for the atmosphere's heat-absorbing effects, the planet's average temperature would hover around -30°F.\n\n''Ground Wave Emergency Network'' (GWEN) - Constructed in the 1980s across the United States, nearly 300 feet tall (299') with long copper wires coming out of them in a radial pattern on the ground, they transmit bursts of very low frequency waves (VLF) at 150-175 ~KHertz, in a 300 mile circle from the towers. Messages are transmitted at 20 minute intervals, or hour intervals if from another source. They have a strange distribution across the U.S. They also emit UHF waves of 225-400 ~MHertz. Their purpose is not altogether clear. Progressive Magazine reported in June, 1990 that each GWEN tower will have "a hundred copper wires, each 330 feet long, that will fan out from the tower a foot underground... The major environmental issue is ''Electromagnetic Radiation''... GWEN towers emit nonionizing radiation, and they do so all the time, with test signals broadcast every hour."\n\nGWEN is a superb system, in combination with cyclotron resonance, for producing behavioural alterations in the civilian population. Therefore, if one wished to resonate a specific ion in living things in a specific locality, one would require a specific frequency for that location. The spacing of GWEN transmitters 200 miles apart across the United States would allow such specific frequencies to be "tailored" to the geomagnetic-field strength in each GWEN area.\n\nGWEN towers operate at a different frequency range than the Russian Woodpecker system. But the Woodpecker is designed to work across the globe, with enormous power, generating ELF waves thousands of miles long. The much lower powered GWEN system is designed (apparently like the small Russian electromagnetic weather-engineering system currently on sale in Moscow) for more local weather-control. By utilizing a nationwide chain of these local transmitters, U.S. officials are now increasingly able (as the system expands) to secretly fine tune American weather conditions...\n\n''High Power Auroral Stimulation'' (HIPAS) - The facility is engaged in the study of the Ionosphere through the use of high power radio transmission as well as a state-of-the-art LIDAR (~LIght Detection And Ranging) facility.\n\nHIPAS is located 30 miles Northeast of Fairbanks, Alaska, in the small community of Two Rivers. It occupies 120 acres of land and has six buildings. The facility operates year-round.\n\n''High Power Microwave Beam'' (HPM) - Burns out the circuitry or sends a false telemetry signal to misdirect the targeting computer. Also, at reduced power, electromagnetic non-kinetic weapons can also be used as a non-lethal method for crowd control. Most non-lethal weapons for crowd control, such as bean-bag rounds, utilize kinetic energy.\n\n''High Power Microwave Weapon'' (HPM) - Gives an operator the same ability to wipe out electronic circuits as a nuclear blast would provide. The main difference is that this new technology is controllable, and can be used without violating nuclear weapons treaties.\n<<<\n"A HPM (High Power Microwave) weapon employs a high power, rapidly pulsating microwave beam that penetrates electronic components. The pulsing action internally excites the components, rapidly generating intense heat which causes them to fuse or melt, thus destroying the circuit...HPM (weapons) attack at the speed of light thus making avoidance of the beam impossible, consequently negating the advantage of weapons systems such as high velocity tactical missiles." (From International Red Cross mid-1994 report which discussed shift from weapons of war to police tools which they called - "riot control agents".)\n\nIn other words, with this kind of weapon there is no machine which could get by this invisible wall of directed energy.\n\nIn another section of the report, "Future Weapons Using High Power Microwaves" are discussed at length. This section describes microwave frequencies developed for use in weapons against machines and people.\n\nAnother report on non-lethal technologies, issued by the Council on Foreign Relations points out that, "The Nairobi Convention, to which the United States is a signatory, prohibits the broadcast of electronic signals into a sovereign state without its consent in peacetime."\n<<<\n''High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program'' (HAARP) - HAARP is an Arctic facility designed specifically for upper atmospheric and solar-terrestrial research.\n\nOperating in Gakona, Alaska as part of the Strategic Defense Initiative, it is a powerful tool for weather and climate modification. Operated jointly by the U.S. Navy and Air Force, HAARP antennas bombard and heat the ionosphere, causing electromagnetic frequencies to bounce back to earth, penetrating everything living and dead. HAARP transmissions make holes in the ozone. The antenna energy can interact with plumes of atmospheric particles, used as a lens or focusing device, to modify weather. HAARP is capable of triggering floods, droughts and hurricanes. HAARP also generates sweeping pulses through the ULF/ELF range.\n\nFull-scale testing started by early 2002. HAARP is a phased-array ionospheric heater that is capable of focusing large quantities of electromagnetic energy into very localized regions that are very far away from the source. Ionospheric heaters can use the ionosphere to reflect their energy at distances several thousand miles away by using the ionosphere as a "mirror" much the same way as AM radio signals travel over vast distances. Unlike an AM radio, HAARP can use phase interference to focus its energy on a localized area (such as the weak point on the power grid). The only requirement to achieve geographic precision is that geomagnetic activity be minimal.\n\nAccording to the Department of Defense, the purpose of HAARP is to learn more about the nature of long-range radio communications and surveillance by employing the reflective nature of the ionosphere. But an internal document obtained by Popular Science in 1990 shows that HAARP's real mission is to "control ionospheric processes in such a way as to greatly improve the performance of military command, control, and communications systems."\n\nTo that end, HAARP is designed to use microwave radiation to distort the upper atmosphere into virtual lenses and mirrors that can detect stealth aircraft and other flying weapons at great distances over the horizon. Extremely low frequency (ELF) waves generated by HAARP will be able to peer beneath the earth's surface to locate buried munitions stores and other enemy installations. Those waves will also be used to communicate with submarines, eliminating the miles-long antennae that are now required.\n\nHAARP is unique from other ionospheric heater facilities because of its combination of a research tool which provides electronic beam steering, wide frequency coverage and high effective radiated power collocated with a diverse suite of scientific observational instruments.\n\n''Interference Zone'' (IZ) -\n\n''Ionosphere'' - The ionosphere is a name for the layer of the earth's atmosphere that is ionized by solar radiation. The more common name for this radiation is solar wind. The ionosphere is the most important protective blanketing layer on earth, shielding it from the solar wind and cosmic energetic particles. The existence of the Van Allen belts was discovered in 1958. The electrojet was also discovered in the ionosphere, two very large rivers of direct current electricity - a source of electrical power greater than anything on earth.\n\n''Ionospheric Heaters'' - Designed to study the properties and behavior of the ionosphere, with particular emphasis on being able to understand and use it to enhance communications and surveillance systems for both civilian and defense purposes.\n\nUnited States sites - HIPAS, near Fairbanks, Alaska; HAARP, Gakona, Alaska; Puerto Rico (near the Arecibo Observatory)\n\n(EISCAT) European Incoherent Scatter sites - Northern Norway (near Tromso) - operated by Max Plaank Institute in Germany; Jicamarca, Peru; Nizhny Novgorod ("SURA"); Apatity, Russia (near Kharkov, Ukraine); Dushanbe, Tadzhikistan\n\n''Lithosphere'' - The solid outer layer of the earth. It lies above the semi-fluid asthenosphere (30-150 miles down) and includes the crust and the solid part of the mantle down to about 75 kilometers (47 miles). [dictionary]\n\n''Longitudinal weaponized waves'' (LW) - They do not have to travel through space, for they come from the time domain, which is everywhere. The energy of the blast, the heat or light or whatever, comes from the vacuum of space at the location of the target itself. The weapons actually just trigger the release of immense energy from the vacuum at the target location. Ripples and patterns in the fabric of spacetime itself are manipulated to meet and interfere in and at the local spacetime of some distant target. There interference of these ripple patterns creates the desired energetic effect (hence the term energetics) directly in and through the target itself, emerging from the very spacetime (vacuum) in which the target is imbedded at its distant location.\n\nLongitudinal wave patterns can transmit any disease electromagnetically.\n\nPure longitudinal EM waves have infinite speed and infinite velocity.\n\n''Mesophere'' - Extends from about 30 to 50 miles high. Meteors or rock fragments burn up in the mesosphere.\n\n''Meteorology'' - (from Greek: meteor on, "high in the sky"; and logos, "knowledge") is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting. Meteorological phenomena are observable weather events which illuminate and are explained by the science of meteorology. Those events are bound by the variables that exist in Earth's atmosphere. They are temperature, pressure, water vapor, and the gradients and interactions of each variable; and how they change in time. The majority of Earth's observed weather is located in the troposphere.\n\n''Mind Control'' - In 1975 the Soviet journal International Life in a discussion of electronic mind control, said that large groups of people could experience suppressed mental activity from atmospheric electricity. The journal went on to say a sonic generator, tuned to an infrasound frequency which is below hearing level could create "feelings of depression, fear, panic, terror, and despair".\n\n''Mindsnapper mode'' - A truly frightening mode of the howitzer which affects the electromagnetic mind-body connection. Being mind-snapped at a low level would cause you to lose consciousness. Being mind-snapped at a slightly higher power would "entrain" all minds in the target area into a kind of hypnogogic trance, a state in which they would all be highly susceptible to suggestions and orders. It can be used for a small area or to kill an entire population.\n\n''Ozone'' - Protects from harm because it can absorb UV radiation. When UV rays strike oxygen molecules in the upper atmosphere, they split into two oxygen (O2) atoms, which are then free to combine with other oxygen molecules to form ozone (O3). Now the ozone molecule can act as a protector, intercepting and destroying harmful UV radiation before it can reach Earth.\n\n''Ozone layer'' - Acts as a protective blanket to prevent harmful amounts of ultraviolet (UV) solar radiation from reaching the earth's surface. It helps to warm the stratosphere\n\n''Planetary engineering'' - The application of technology for the purpose of influencing the global properties of a planet. The goal of this theoretical task is usually to make other worlds habitable for life.\n\n''Psychoenergetics'' - A new field in its own right is using the scalar waves to affect the human mind\n\nNote: Secretary of Defense of the United States William Cohen confirmed in 1997 that there were novel kinds of EM weapons which had been and were being used to (1) initiate earthquakes, (2) engineer the weather and climate, and (3) initiate the eruption of volcanoes.\n\n''Psychological Operations'' (PSYOP) - Planned operations to convey selected information to targeted foreign audiences to influence their emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and ultimately the behavior of foreign governments, organizations, groups, and individuals\n\n''Quantum Potential Weapons'' (QP) - Tom Bearden states in a 2002 book ("Fer De Lance) that China deployed both quantum potential (QP) weapons and negative energy electromagnetic pulse (EMP) weapons (a type we originally called the ~MindSnapper to disguise its true nature). The QP weapons are the dominant weapons on Earth today, followed closely by negative energy weapons.\n\nRussia has possessed highly advanced "extended-electromagnets (energetics) weapons of a very novel kind, using a dramatically extended electrodynamics theory...Most of these energetics weapons are more advanced than what had previously been known to the U.S. military, intelligence and scientific communities...\n\n''Satellite Weather Modification System'' (SWMS) - United States Patent #5,984,239 - Chen - November 16, 1999 - Uses earth satellites to harness solar energy to modify the thermodynamics and composition of the earth's atmosphere. SWMS has three subsystems: The first subsystem includes a network of earth satellites called Satellite Engines (~SEs) used to reflect solar energy and/or transform solar energy into other forms of energy beams discharged at specified locations. The media at these locations and the media through which the energy beams pass absorb these energies and change them into heat. The second subsystem includes a large network of Remote Sensing Devices (RSDs). These sensors are used to measure local media compositions, dynamic parameters and thermodynamic properties. Sensor measurements are fed back to the third subsystem, which includes a network of Ground Control Stations (GCSs). GCSs provide energy beam guidance by estimating each beam's characteristics and its aim point trajectory as functions of time. Integration of these three subsystems establishes a sensor feedback energy beam guidance and control loop. SWM's weather modification applications include alteration of precipitation, reclaiming of wasteland, reducing damage by bad weather, and improving environment. Its non-weather related applications include supplying concentrated energy to electricity generating stations (solar, wind and hydro), high latitude greenhouse farms, and solar powered airplanes.\n\n''Scalar Electromagnetics'' (EM) - The brainchild of Lt. Col. (retired) Thomas E. Bearden, a systems analyst and wargames specialist who has been advocating a view of electromagnetics which is based on the notion of a vast, unseen background of scalar energies (as opposed to vector energies) which underly all physical reality.\n\n''Scalar interferometer'' - Two scalar antennae together along with the computers to control them\n\n''Scalar Potential'' - A harmonic assembly of bidirectional longitudinal EM wavepairs, as shown in a paper by E.T. Whittaker in 1903.\n\nA "scalar" potential is not a scalar entity at all. Instead, it's a bundle of bidirectional longitudinal waves. Mass is composed mostly of empty space filled with potentials and fields, with a particle here and there, widely separated. On its own scale, a "mass" looks more like a giant solar system or the external universe. Mostly space, with fields and potentials. Well, since fields and potentials are nothing but just LWs anyway , then the stress potential of space is a superhighway of LWs. What this means is that "pretty good" LWS (i.e., sufficiently clean pseudo longitudinal waves) will pass right through the earth and ocean, with little attenuation and little interaction.\n\n''Scalar potential interferometer'' - Where the potential beams intersect at a distance. In that interference zone, ordinary transverse EM fields and energy appear.\n\n''Sondrestrom Upper Atmospheric Research Facility'' - Greenland - 20-year anniversary celebrated February, 2003 - 4 site crew, year round - 24 instruments presently at the site - 18 different PI's involved with instruments at the site - 30 scientific visitors per year, on average; 8 journal papers per year by SRI scientists as lead or coauthor, on average; 12 graduate students presently working directly with SRI staff; 6 students involved in the Graduate Student Research Experience\n\n''Storm Prevention'' - Project Stormfury was an attempt to weaken tropical cyclones by flying aircraft into storms and seeding the eyewall with silver iodide. The project was run by the United States Government from 1962 to 1983. A similar project using soot was run in 1958, with inconclusive results. Various methods have been proposed to reduce the harmful effects of hurricanes. Moshe Alamaro of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology proposed using barges with upward-pointing jet engines to trigger smaller storms to disrupt the progress of an incoming hurricane; critics doubt the jets would be powerful enough to make any noticeable difference.\n\nAlexandre Chorin of the University of California at Berkeley proposed dropping large amounts of environmentally friendly oils on the sea surface to prevent droplet formation. Experiments by Kerry Emanuel of MIT in 2002 suggested that hurricane-force winds would disrupt the oil slick, making it ineffective. Other scientists disputed the factual basis of the theoretical mechanism assumed by this approach. The Florida company Dyn-O-Mat proposes the use of a product it has developed, called Dyn-O-Gel, to reduce the strength of hurricanes. The substance is a powder which reportedly has the ability to absorb 1,500 times its own weight in water. The theory is that it is dropped into clouds to remove their moisture. When the gel reaches the ocean surface, it is reportedly dissolved. The company has tested the substance on a thunderstorm, but there has not been any scientific concensus established as to its effectiveness. Hail cannons are used by some farmers in an attempt to ward off hail, but there is no reliable scientific evidence to confirm or deny their effectiveness. Another new anti-hurricane technology is a method for the reduction of tropical cyclones' destructive force - pumping sea water and diffused in the wind at the bottom of such tropical cyclone in its eyewall.\n\nFuture aspirations: Futurist John Smart has discussed the potential for weather control via space-based solar power networks. One proposal involves the gentle heating via microwave of portions of large hurricanes. Such chaotic systems may be susceptible to "side steering" with a few degrees of increased temperature/pressure at critical points. A sufficient network might keep the largest and most potentially damaging hurricanes from landfall, at the request of host nations. Blizzards, monsoons, and other extreme weather are also potential candidates for space-based amelioration. If large-scale weather control were to become feasible, potential risks include:\n* Unintended side effects, especially given the nature of weather development\n* Damage to existing ecosystems\n* Health risks to humans\n* Equipment malfunction of accidents\n* Non-democratic control or use as a weapon\nWeather engineering - Take two scalar potential beam transmitters, separated on the necessary baseline to form a beam interferometer. Let them interfere at a distance. Now in that distance interference zone (IZ), there is an ambient vacuum potential (spacetime potential, or spacetime stress). If the electrical circuit grounds of the interferometer transmitters are biased ABOVE the ambient potential in the IZ, then scattering EM energy (heating) emerges in the IZ. This is the exothermic mode of operation. If the electrical circuit grounds of the interferometer are biased negatively below the ambient potential in the IZ, then convergent EM energy (cooling) emerges in the IZ. This is the endothermic mode of operation.\n\nSo by merely biasing the electrical grounds of a scalar potential interferometer, one can produce heating or cooling in the distant IZ. If one just "radiates," one produces distant steady heating or steady cooling. If one sharply pulses the interferometer, one produces a distant hot explosion or a distant cold explosion.\n\nOne can also, of course, form various forms of energy at a distance, including particularly hemispheric shells of energy and spherical shells of energy. Hundreds of these have been observed worldwide, from testing by the KGB weapons in Russia.\n\n''Stratosphere'' - Contains the ozone layer\n\n''Technotronic era'' - Involves the gradual appearance of a more controlled society. Such a society would be dominated by an elite, unrestrained by traditional values. Soon it will be possible to assert almost continuous surveillance over every citizen and maintain up-to-date complete files containing even the most personal information about the citizen. These files will be subject to instantaneous retrieval by the authorities. (Brzezinski, [[Between Two Ages]], 1971)\n\n''Terraforming'' - The hypothetical process of deliberately modifying the atmosphere, temperature, or ecology of a planet, moon, or other body to be similar to those of Earth in order to make it habitable by humans.\n\n''Tesla Howitzers'' - Another name for scalar interferometer - Two scalar antennae together along with the computers to control them\n\n''Tesla Howitzers in Earthquake mode'' - How to make an earthquake Focus the interferometry on a fault zone, in the: "diverging" mode, and deposit EM energy there in the rocks on both sides, increasing (slowly) the stress in the rocks by the reverse piezoelectric effect (deposit excess energy, get crystal mechanical movements).\n\n''Thermosphere'' - Contains most of the ionosphere, so called because energy from the Sun smacks into molecules at that height and separates them into ions, which carry a positive charge, and free electrons, which are negatively charged. Many years ago, it was discovered that this layer reflects radio waves, especially at night, allowing the transmission of signals beyond the curvature of the earth for hundreds of miles or more.\n\n''Troposphere'' - Anywhere from 5 to 10 miles up depending on how much of the Sun's energy is reaching the earth at the time.\n\n''Tsunami bomb'' - New Zealand created a tidal wave in 1944\n\n''Unmanned Air Vehicles'' (UAV) - Sometimes used for cloud creation\n\n''Weather'' - The set of all extant phenomena in a given atmosphere at a given time. The term usually refers to the activity of these phenomena over short periods (hours or days, as opposed to the term climate, which refers to the average atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time. When used without qualification, "weather" is understood to be the weather of the Earth.\n\n''Weather Control'' - The act of manipulating or altering certain aspects of the environment to produce desirable changes in weather.\n\n''Weather engineering'' - Focus the interference zone (IZ) on the other side of the earth (beam right through the earth and ocean) to a given desired area in the atmosphere. Bias your transmitters positively. You produce atmospheric heating in the air in the IZ, so that the air expands and you have produced a "low" pressure zone. Now use a second interferometer biased negatively, and place it at a distant IZ desired. In that IZ, you cool the air so that it shrinks and becomes denser, and you have created a "high" pressure area. Now place several such IZs, with the desired highs and lows, near a jet stream. The jet stream will be deviated toward a low and away from a high. By varying the transmitted energy and the IZ location (just move it gradually along), you can entrain and steer the jet streams, and therefore effectively "steer" the resulting weather.\n\nWant to spawn tornadoes? Just make several sharp bends in the jet streams, and also speed them up a bit. The additional angular momentum imparted to the air masses will spawn of littler rotations (tornadoes). By focusing the IZ underneath the ocean, one can heat or cool the water in a selected area, over a period of time. So you can aggravate or ease El Nino, e.g.\n\nFocus the IZ in a large fault zone. Use the exothermic interferometry mode. Deposit energy slowly in that fault zone. The stress increases. Eventually the plate edges shirt, and you have an earthquake. If you want a very powerful quake, put the energy in gradually, so that a sort of "overpotential" or "overpressure" builds up, past where the rocks would normally slip. Then when they let go, you've got a real nice big one. You can see what might happen if one also toys around with a sleeping volcano.\n\n''Weather modification'' - Any activity performed with the intention of producing artificial changes in the composition, behavior, or dynamics of the atmosphere (from U.S. Weather Modification Policy Act of 1972)\n\n''Weather Modification Advisory Board'' (WMAB) - On October 17, 1977, there was a hearing in Congress by the Committee on Science and Technology that was briefed by the Weather Modification Advisory Board (WMAB). WMAB was chaired by Harlan Cleveland who had worked to try to bring Alger Hiss back into Government and has a long history of trying to establish a New World Order (Based on the idea that Corporations and Banks have the best plans for the future of Mankind).\n\nHis plans include:\n# Create a World food bank\n# Provide for international control of all sources and supplies\n# Internationalize commodity markets\n# Establish international control over the wealth of the oceans and deep seabeds\n# Provide for international control of the "weather at human command"\n# Rewrite the rules of trade and investment\n# Create a world currency\n# Create a world police to "keep the peace when it is threatened and restore the peace when it is broken"\n# Provide special programs to teach the benefits of the New Order in each of six categories of American institutions, namely business, corporations, labor unions, nonprofit enterprises, communications media, educational systems and government agencies.\nThe military destruction of the environment and global public health during the Cold War will pale next to the devastation and destruction caused by these exotic weapons and space technologies. All of Planet Earth including outer space is not the battlefield, and its natural processes are the new weapons of war that will be used against the citizens of the world.\n\nThe threat of environmental crisis will be the "international disaster key" that will unlock the New World Order. (Mikhail Gorbachev quoted in "A Special Report: The Wildlands Project Unleashes Its War On Mankind", by Marilyn Brannan, Associate Editor, Monetary & Economic Review, 1996, p. 5).\n\nFrom Sunday Parade Magazine August 12, 2007\n\nYou may be surprised to learn that the government owns about 85% of Nevada, 69% of Alaska, 57% of Utah, 53% of Oregon, 50% of Idaho, 48% of Arizona, 45% of California, 42% of Wyoming, 42% of New Mexico and 37% of Colorado.\n\nFDR quote: "In politics, nothing happens by accident. If it happened, you can bet it was planned that way."\n\n''Woodpecker Grid'' - begun by the Russians in 1976. It is a grid of EM waves which provide a channel for the LW waves to any point on earth. Computers use the woodpecker grid information to hone down the aiming of the howitzers to a pinpoint location on earth (under the earth, in space, or under the sea).\n\nWoodpecker is designed to work across the bloc, with enormous power, generating ELF waves thousands of miles long.\n\n''World Meteorological Organization'' (WMO) - One reason it was formed was because of the weather's universal impact. Its 185 member nations are united in not only weather prediction, but also ozone layer depletion studies, air pollution research, climate change. From its base in Geneva, Switzerland, the WMO coordinates more accurate and dependable forecasts worldwide. The WMO is one of many organizations charged with the responsibility of tracking weather systems and predicting what the atmosphere has in store.

To get started with this blank TiddlyWiki, you'll need to modify the following tiddlers:\n* SiteTitle & SiteSubtitle: The title and subtitle of the site, as shown above (after saving, they will also appear in the browser title bar)\n* MainMenu: The menu (usually on the left)\n* DefaultTiddlers: Contains the names of the tiddlers that you want to appear when the TiddlyWiki is opened\nYou'll also need to enter your username for signing your edits: <<option txtUserName>>\n\nIn addition, if you wil be posting this TiddlyWiki on the Web, you will want to edit the following tiddlers:\n* SiteUrl - to identify the web address of the page\n* MarkupPreHead - to include HTML tags to be read by search engines

@@font-size:90%;''Note'': [[Click here to view this page in a separate browser tab or window|http://www.google.com/search?q=%22climate+change%22&button=google+search&domains=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un-documents.net&sitesearch=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un-documents.net&ie=iso-8859-1&oe=iso-8859-1]]@@\n<html>\n<iframe style="background-color:#ffffff; border-color:#ffffff; border:none;" width="100%" height="1000" frameborder="0" scrolling="yes" src="http://www.google.com/search?q=%22climate+change%22&button=google+search&domains=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un-documents.net&sitesearch=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un-documents.net&ie=iso-8859-1&oe=iso-8859-1\n@" title='Google "climate change" @ www.un-documents.net'>\n</iframe> </html>

''Google Group'' are free resources that can be used by groups, organizations, networks, etc. for the exchange of information, news and commentary. //via// email, the web,and through [[RSS feeds]].\n\nFor more information, visit [[groups.google.com|http://www.groups.google.com]]\n\n''Site Map for "google groups"''\n<<siteMap "google groups">>

@@font-size:90%;''Note'': [[Click here to view this page in a separate browser tab or window|http://www.un-documents.net/search.htm]]@@\n<html>\n<iframe \n style="\n background-color:#ffffff; \n border-color:#ffffff;\n border:none;"\n width = "100%"\n height = "1000"\n frameborder = "0"\n scrolling = "yes"\n src = "http://www.un-documents.net/search.htm"s"\n src = " *url* "\n title = "Google site search of www.un-documents.net">\n</iframe>\n</html>

[img[http://habitat.igc.org/la-perla-garden/gr-200x157-2006.05.08.jpg]]

Here are some examples of one person's [[FeedBlitz]] subscriptions. You can see the feed in this frame by clicking on the link, or in a separate tab or window by right-clicking on the link. You can subscribe either - or both - of two ways: via an email subscription - [img[http://www.feedblitz.com/images/email.gif]], or through an [[RSS feed]] - [img[http://www.feedblitz.com/images/rss.gif]]. \n\n<html><iframe width=100% height=800 frameborder=0 src="http://www.feedblitz.com/blogroll.asp?bb377e3567fa6ceef680a3466195a54a727679/html">\n</iframe></html>

''Habitat II'', formally the ''Second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements'', was held in Istanbul, Turkey in June 1996, with the twin themes of "Adequate shelter for all" and "Sustainable cities", twenty years after the original ''Habitat'' Conference was held in Vancouver, Canada. At ''Habitat II'', Governments agreed to the following documents:\n* [[Istanbul Declaration on Human Settlements]]\n* [[The Habitat Agenda]]

<<<\nOriginal http://www.nema.org/lamprecycle/broken-lamps.doc\n\n''National Electrical Manufacturers Association''\n1300 North 17th Street, Suite 1752\nRosslyn, VA 22209\nTel: 703-841-3200\nFax: 703-841-3300\n<<<\n''Health Effects'': No adverse effects are expected from occasional exposure to broken lamps. \n\n''Mercury'': EPA’s ENERGY STAR® website contains the following information:\n<<<\n“~CFLs (i.e., compact fluorescent lamps) contain a very small amount of mercury sealed within the glass tubing – an average of 5 milligrams – about the amount that would cover the tip of a ball-point pen. By comparison, older thermometers contain about 500 milligrams of mercury. It would take 100 ~CFLs to equal that amount.” ([[Frequently Asked Questions. Information on Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) and Mercury. EPA]])\n<<<\nThe average four-foot fluorescent lamp, meanwhile, contains around 8 milligrams, or about 60 times less mercury than is contained in a typical 500-milligram fever thermometer. With such small amounts of mercury, therefore, broken lamps would appear to pose virtually no risk of harm. Legal requirements for disposal vary, however, and in some jurisdictions mercury-added lamps are prohibited from disposal in landfills or incinerators.\n\n''Phosphor'': A five-year study of phosphor by the Industrial Hygiene Foundation of the Mellon Institute found no significant adverse effects, either by ingestion, inhalation, skin contact, or eye implant. Also, there have been no significant adverse effects on humans by any of these routes during the many years of its manufacture or use. The phosphor is somewhat similar to the inert calcium phosphate-fluorides that occur in nature. Phosphor is not phosphorous. Heavy metals were removed from phosphor fifteen years ago or more. At the end of lamp life mercury is attached to these phosphors.\n\n''Universal Waste Rule Requirements'': Under the EPA universal waste rule, a lamp that does not pass the TCLP test and is broken must be cleaned up and placed in a container. The container must be closed, structurally sound, compatible with lamps, and lacking any evidence of spillage. This advice is applicable to any mercury-containing lamp. In some States, Universal Waste status is lost when lamps are broken and must be handled as a full hazardous waste. It is important to check with your local, state, or federal office for the latest update in regulatory status or go to [[www.lamprecycle.org|http://wwwlamprecycle.org]].\n\n''Recommended Broken Lamp Handling Practices'': Guidance on proper methods of handling broken fluorescent lamps is available from the US EPA and from many state agencies and local health and environmental authorities. The EPA guidelines can be found at [[www.epa.gov/mercury/spills/|http://www.epa.gov/mercury/spills/]]. Small numbers of broken lamps typically do not present a hazard to human health or the environment, provided the area is adequately ventilated and proper cleanup procedures are used.

This set of tiddlers allows you to edit and manage the title and sub-title of the page, and key information about the page; Others are easily read by browsers in particular, information that it is valuable to make available to Internet search engines. The first of these two are visible to the viewer - in the browser window, and in the banner at the top of the page.the others are read by search engines and browsers, but are only visible to the reader if she or he looks at the source code af a web page\n* [[Site Title|SiteTitle]] - appears at the head of the page banner, and the \n* [[Site Subtitle|SiteSubtitle]] - included in the browser bar and search results and at the bottom right of the site banner\n* [[MarkupPreHead]] - this contents of this shadowed tiddler contains the concatenation of information - each of them representing a "meta tag". Ideally, this tiddler would use the syntax- using the syntax {{{<<tiddler "Site Keywords">>}}}, etc.\n** [[Site Keywords]] - a list of comma-separated keywords, also a first read for search engines\n** [[Site Description]] - a concise description of the site, stored in the HEAD of the HTML page, and is generally one of the first items to be read by intelligent search engines. As a rule, it should not be more that 256 characters, or about 40 words.\n>>>Each of these tiddlers contains what is known as a "meta tag", e,.g.\n<<<\n>> {{{<meta name="description" content="Climate Change 2.0: A convenient TiddlyWikiPerfect response to Truth in a rapidly-changing Creative Commons, Open Source Climate">}}} \n<<<\n** [[Site Owner]] - this tiddler records the ownership of the page itself: not to be confused with the various copyrights associated with the page, included in the tiddler that follows\n** [[Site Copyrights]] - this tiddler provides attribution to the rights holders \n** [[Site Url|SiteUrl]] - this tiddler conytains the Url of the site, e.g. http:///climate-change-two.net\n** [[Site Splash Screen]] - this page contains the HTML tags for the Splash Screen that appears when the page is opened,\n>> //Technical note//: In a TiddlyWikiPerfect site, this tiddler would be automatically generated by the DataPerfect engine from its sub-tiddlers - using the syntax:\n>>> {{{<<tiddler "Site Keywords">>}}},\n>>> {{{<<tiddler "Site Decription">>}}}, etc.\n>> under TiddlyWiki, this does not work, as the contents of the tiddler would not be readable by the browser, not having been translated - wikified - until the relevant javascript in TiddlyWiki had been loaded.

There are a number of simple ways you can create headings & sub-headings, create bulleted lists, numbered outlines or block quotes\n\n|Feature |Type this|h\n|[[Headings]] |{{{! !! !!!}}} etc. at beginning of line|\n|[[Bullets]] |{{{* ** ***}}} etc. at beginning of line|\n|[[Numbered Outline]] |{{{# ## ###}}} etc. at beginning of line|\n|[[Block Quotes]] |{{{<<< ... <<< }}}|\n|[[Multi-level Block Quote]] |{{{> >> >>>}}} etc. at beginning of line|\n\nSee also [[Formatting Tiddlers]]

/***\n| Name:|HideWhenPlugin|\n| Description:|Allows conditional inclusion/exclusion in templates|\n| Version:|6.1.2|\n| Date:|20-Oct-2006|\n| Source:|http://mptw.tiddlyspot.com/#HideWhenPlugin|\n| Author:|Simon Baird <simon.baird@gmail.com>|\nFor use in ViewTemplate and EditTemplate. Eg\n{{{<div macro="showWhenTagged Task">[[TaskToolbar]]</div>}}}\n{{{<div macro="showWhen tiddler.modifier == 'BartSimpson'"><img src="bart.gif"/></div>}}}\n***/\n//{{{\n\nwindow.removeElementWhen = function(test,place) {\n if (test) {\n removeChildren(place);\n place.parentNode.removeChild(place);\n }\n};\n\nmerge(config.macros,{\n\n hideWhen: { handler: function(place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler) {\n removeElementWhen( eval(paramString), place);\n }},\n\n showWhen: { handler: function(place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler) {\n removeElementWhen( !eval(paramString), place);\n }},\n\n hideWhenTagged: { handler: function (place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler) {\n removeElementWhen( tiddler.tags.containsAll(params), place);\n }},\n\n showWhenTagged: { handler: function (place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler) {\n removeElementWhen( !tiddler.tags.containsAll(params), place);\n }},\n\n hideWhenTaggedAny: { handler: function (place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler) {\n removeElementWhen( tiddler.tags.containsAny(params), place);\n }},\n\n showWhenTaggedAny: { handler: function (place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler) {\n removeElementWhen( !tiddler.tags.containsAny(params), place);\n }},\n\n hideWhenExists: { handler: function(place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler) {\n removeElementWhen( store.tiddlerExists(params[0]) || store.isShadowTiddler(params[0]), place);\n }},\n\n showWhenExists: { handler: function(place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler) {\n removeElementWhen( !(store.tiddlerExists(params[0]) || store.isShadowTiddler(params[0])), place);\n }}\n\n});\n\n//}}}\n\n

!! The Future in our Hands: Addressing the Leadership Challenge of Climate Change\n''September 24, 2007''\nhttp://www.un.org/climatechange/2007highlevel/\n

The ''Hover Menu'' - that hovers on the right of the screen is defined in the [[HoverMenu]] tiddler and provides a number of useful options for navigating and viewing the site:\n<<<\n<<top>> - takes you to the top of the page\n<<jump j '' top>> - jump to an open tiddler\n<<fullscreen>> - toggle full screen display\n\n<<fontSize>> - adjust the font size\n<<<\nThe bottom two items on the ''Hover Menu'' are only of use if you are browsing a copy of the site stored on a local disk drive:\n<<<\n<<newTiddler ">><<renameButton n>> - create a new tiddler\n<<saveChanges>><<renameButton s 'Save TiddlyWiki'>> - save a copy of the web site\n<<<\n

<<top>>\n<<jump j '' top>>\n<<fullscreen>>\n\n<<fontSize>>\n\n\n\n<<newTiddler ">><<renameButton n>>\n<<saveChanges>><<renameButton s 'Save TiddlyWiki'>>\n

<html><center><object width="425" height="350"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/yWcBXwwPBWI"></param><param name="wmode" value="transparent"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/yWcBXwwPBWI" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width="425" height="350"></embed></object><center></html>\n@@font-size:90%;To see this video on ''~YouTube'' in a separate tab or window, visit http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWcBXwwPBWI\n\n

What can scientific, technical, and socio-economic analyses contribute to the determination of what constitutes dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system as referred to in Article 2 of the Framework Convention on Climate Change?\n<<<\n''Framework Convention on Climate Change, Article 2''\n>"The ultimate objective of this Convention and any related legal instruments that the Conference of the Parties may adopt is to achieve, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Convention, stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Such a level should be achieved within a time-frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner."\n<<<

What is the evidence for, causes of, and consequences of changes in the Earth's climate since the pre-industrial era?\n* Has the Earth's climate changed since the pre-industrial era at the regional and/or global scale? If so, what part, if any, of the observed changes can be attributed to human influence and what part, if any, can be attributed to natural phenomena? What is the basis for that attribution?\n* What is known about the environmental, social, and economic consequences of climate changes since the pre-industrial era with an emphasis on the last 50 years?

What is known about the regional and global climatic, environmental, and socio-economic consequences in the next 25, 50, and 100 years associated with a range of greenhouse gas emissions arising from scenarios used in the TAR (projections which involve no climate policy intervention)?\n\nTo the extent possible evaluate the:\n* Projected changes in atmospheric concentrations, climate, and sea level\n* Impacts and economic costs and benefits of changes in climate and atmospheric composition on human health, diversity and productivity of tecological systems, and socio-economic sectors (particularly agriculture and water)\n* The range of options for adaptation, including the costs, benefits, and challenges\n* Development, sustainability, and equity issues associated with impacts and adaptation at a regional and global level

What is known about the influence of the increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, and the projected human-induced change in climate regionally and globally on:\n* The frequency and magnitude of climate fluctuations, including daily, seasonal, inter-annual, and decadal variability, such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation cycles and others?\n* The duration, location, frequency, and intensity of extreme events such as heat waves, droughts, floods, heavy precipitation, avalanches, storms, tornadoes, and tropical cyclones?\n* The risk of abrupt/non-linear changes in, among others, the sources and sinks of greenhouse gases, ocean circulation, and the extent of polar ice and permafrost? If so, can the risk be quantified?\n* The risk of abrupt or non-linear changes in ecological systems?\n

What is known about the inertia and time scales associated with the changes in the climate system, ecological systems, and socio-economic sectors and their interactions?

# How does the extent and timing of the introduction of a range of emissions reduction actions determine and affect the rate, magnitude, and impacts of climate change, and affect the global and regional economy, taking into account the historical and current emissions?\n# What is known from sensitivity studies about regional and globa climatic, environmental, and socio-economic consequences of stabilizing the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (in carbon dioxide equivalents), at a range of levels from today's to double that level or more, taking into account to the extent possible the effects of aerosols? For each stabilization scenario, including different pathways to stabilization, evaluate the range of costs and benefits, relative to the range of scenarios considered in Question 3, in terms of:\n** Projected changes in atmospheric concentrations, climate, and sea level, including changes beyond 100 years\n** Impacts and economic costs and benefits of changes in climate and atmospheric composition on human health, diversity and productivity of ecological systems, and socio-economic sectors (particularly agriculture and water)\n** The range of options for adaptation, including the costs, benefits, and challenges\n** The range of technologies, policies, and practices that could be used to achieve each of the stabilization levels, with an evaluation of the national and global costs and benefits, and an assessment of how these costs and benefits would compare, either qualitatively or quantitatively, to the avoided environmental harm that would be achieved by the emissions reductions\n** Development, sustainability, and equity issues associated with impacts, adaptation, and mitigation at a regional and global level.\n

What is known about the potential for, and costs and benefits of, and time frame for reducing greenhouse gas emissions?\n* What would be the economic and social costs and benefits and equity implications of options for policies and measures, and the mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol, that might be considered to address climate change regionally and globally?\n* What portfolios of options of research and development, investments, and other policies might be considered that would be most effective to enhance the development and deployment of technologies that address climate change?\n* What kind of economic and other policy options might be considered to remove existing and potential barriers and to stimulate private- and public sector technology transfer and deployment among countries, and what effect might these have on projected emissions?\n* How does the timing of the options contained in the above affect associated economic costs and benefits, and the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases over the next century and beyond?\n

* What is known about the interactions between projected human-induced changes in climate and other environmental issues (e.g., urban air pollution, regional acid deposition, loss of biological diversity, stratospheric ozone depletion, and desertification and land degradation)?\n* What is known about environmental, social, and economic costs and benefits and implications of these interactions for integrating climate change response strategies in an equitable manner into broad sustainable development strategies at the local, regional, and global scales?

What are the most robust findings and key uncertainties regarding attribution of climate change and regarding model projections of:\n* Future emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols?\n* Future concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols?\n* Future changes in regional and global climate?\n* Regional and global impacts of climate change?\n* Costs and benefits of mitigation and adaptation options?\n

@@font-size:90%;''Note'': This is a "framed" page from the ''IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme'' web site. You can view this page in a separate browser tab or window at http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/@@\n<html><iframe\n title = "IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme - home page"\n src = "http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/"\n style="\n background-color:#ffffff; \n border-color:#ffffff;\n border:none;"\n width = "100%"\n height = "1000"\n frameborder = "0"\n scrolling = "yes">\n</iframe></html>

@@font-size:90%;''Note'': This is a "framed" page from the [[IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme]] web site. You can view this page in a separate browser tab or window at http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/@@\n<html><iframe\n title = "IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme Publications"\n src = "http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/"\n style="\n background-color:#ffffff; \n border-color:#ffffff;\n border:none;"\n width = "100%"\n height = "1000"\n frameborder = "0"\n scrolling = "yes">\n</iframe></html>

The ''Third Assessment Review'' of the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] was completed in 2001, ans was organized around [[nine policy-relevant questions|AR3-Synthesis: Nine policy-relevant questions]] +++\n> <<tiddler "AR3-Synthesis: Nine policy-relevant questions">>\n===\n\n\nThe full text of the Third Assessment Review is available as ''pdf'' files from [[www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/|http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/]]\n* Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis - [[www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/|http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/]]\n* Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability -[[www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/|http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/]]\n* Climate Change 2001: Mitigation - [[www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg3/|http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg3/]]\n* Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report -[[www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/vol4/english/|http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/vol4/english/]]

{{{\n[img[title|filename]]\n[img[filename]]\n[img[title|filename][link]]\n[img[filename][link]]\n}}}\nImages can be included by their filename or full URL. It's good practice to include a title for the image to be shown as a tooltip, and when the image isn't available. An image can also link to another tiddler or or a URL, e.g.\n[img[Twin Light & Colour Cube|http://www.climate-change-two.net/light-cube-0-075.png][Twin Light & Colour Cubes]]\n{{{\n[img[Twin Light & Colour Cube|http://www.climate-change-two.net/light-cube-0-075.png][Twin Light & Colour Cubes]]\n}}}\n\nYou can also float images to the right or left: use {{{[<img[}}} for left-floating images and {{{[>img[}}} for right-floated images; you can use CSS to clear the floats.\n[<img[Twin Light & Colour Cube - floating left|http://www.climate-change-two.net/light-cube-1-075.png][http://www.digital-bridges.net/]] [>img[Twin Light & Colour Cube - floating right|http://www.climate-change-two.net/light-cube-0-075.png][http://www.digital-bridges.net/]]\n@@clear(left):clear(right):display(block):@@\n{{{\n[<img[Twin Light & Colour Cube - floated left|http://www.climate-change-two.net/light-cube-1-075.png][http://www.digital-bridges.net/]]\n[>img[Twin Light & Colour Cube - floated right|http://www.climate-change-two.net/light-cube-0-075.png][http://www.digital-bridges.net/]]\n@@clear(left):clear(right):display(block):@@\n}}}

The ''Import Tiddlers'' tiddler uses the [[ImportTiddlers|ImportTiddlersPlugin]] plugin macro that allows you to import tiddlers from other TiddlyWiki pages, with the syntax {{{<<importTiddlers inline>>}}}.\n\n<<importTiddlers inline>>

/***\n|Name|ImportTiddlersPlugin|\n|Source|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#ImportTiddlersPlugin|\n|Version|3.5.5|\n|Author|Eric Shulman - ELS Design Studios|\n|License|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#LegalStatements <<br>>and [[Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 License|http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/]]|\n|~CoreVersion|2.1|\n|Type|plugin|\n|Requires||\n|Overrides|config.macros.importTiddlers.handler|\n|Description|interactive controls for import/export with filtering.|\n\nWhen many people share and edit copies of the same TiddlyWiki document, the ability to quickly collect all these changes back into a single, updated document that can then be redistributed to the entire group is very important. It can also be very extremely helpful when moving your own tiddlers from document to document (e.g., when upgrading to the latest version of TiddlyWiki, or 'pre-loading' your favorite stylesheets into a new 'empty' TiddlyWiki document.)\n\nThis plugin lets you selectively combine tiddlers from any two TiddlyWiki documents. An interactive control panel lets you pick a document to import from, and then select which tiddlers to import, with prompting for skip, rename, merge or replace actions when importing tiddlers that match existing titles. Automatically add tags to imported tiddlers so they are easy to find later on. Generates a detailed report of import 'history' in ImportedTiddlers.\n!!!!!Usage\n<<<\n{{{<<importTiddlers>>}}} or {{{<<importTiddlers core>>}}}\ninvokes the built-in importTiddlers macro (TW2.1.x+). If installed in documents using TW2.0.x or earlier, fallback is to use 'link' display (see below)\n\n{{{<<importTiddlers link label tooltip>>}}}\nThe ''link'' keyword creates an "import tiddlers" link that when clicked to show/hide import control panel. ''label'' and ''tooltip'' are optional text parameters (enclosed in quotes or {{{[[...]]}}}, and allow you to override the default display text for the link and the mouseover help text, respectively.\n\n{{{<<importTiddlers inline>>}}}\ncreates import control panel directly in tiddler content\n\n<<importTiddlers inline>>\n\nPress ''[browse]'' to select a TiddlyWiki document file to import, and then press ''[open]''. Alternatively, you can type in the path/filename or a remote document URL (starting with http://). When you have entered the desired source location, press ''[load]'' to retrieve the tiddlers from the remote source. //Note: There may be some delay to permit the browser time to access and load the document before updating the listbox with the titles of all tiddlers that are available to be imported.//\n\nSelect one or more titles from the listbox (hold CTRL or SHIFT while clicking to add/remove the highlight from individual list items). You can press ''[select all]'' to quickly highlight all tiddler titles in the list. Use the ''[-]'', ''[+]'', or ''[=]'' links to adjust the listbox size so you can view more (or less) tiddler titles at one time. When you have chosen the tiddlers you want to import and entered any extra tags, press ''[import]'' to begin copying them to the current TiddlyWiki document.\n\n''select: all, new, changes, or differences''\n\nYou can click on ''all'', ''new'', ''changes'', or ''differences'' to automatically select a subset of tiddlers from the list. This makes it very quick and easy to find and import just the updated tiddlers you are interested in:\n>''"all"'' selects ALL tiddlers from the import source document, even if they have not been changed.\n>''"new"'' selects only tiddlers that are found in the import source document, but do not yet exist in the destination document\n>''"changes"'' selects only tiddlers that exist in both documents but that are newer in the source document\n>''"differences"'' selects all new and existing tiddlers that are different from the destination document (even if destination tiddler is newer)\n\n''Import Tagging:''\n\nTiddlers that have been imported can be automatically tagged, so they will be easier to find later on, after they have been added to your document. New tags are entered into the "add tags" input field, and then //added// to the existing tags for each tiddler as it is imported.\n\n''Skip, Rename, Merge, or Replace:''\n\nWhen importing a tiddler whose title is identical to one that already exists, the import process pauses and the tiddler title is displayed in an input field, along with four push buttons: ''[skip]'', ''[rename]'', ''[merge]'' and ''[replace]''.\n\nTo bypass importing this tiddler, press ''[skip]''. To import the tiddler with a different name (so that both the tiddlers will exist when the import is done), enter a new title in the input field and then press ''[rename]''. Press ''[merge]'' to combine the content from both tiddlers into a single tiddler. Press ''[replace]'' to overwrite the existing tiddler with the imported one, discarding the previous tiddler content.\n\n//Note: if both the title ''and'' modification date/////time match, the imported tiddler is assumed to be identical to the existing one, and will be automatically skipped (i.e., not imported) without asking.//\n\n''Import Report History''\n\nWhen tiddlers are imported, a report is generated into ImportedTiddlers, indicating when the latest import was performed, the number of tiddlers successfully imported, from what location, and by whom. It also includes a list with the title, date and author of each tiddler that was imported.\n\nWhen the import process is completed, the ImportedTiddlers report is automatically displayed for your review. If more tiddlers are subsequently imported, a new report is //added// to ImportedTiddlers, above the previous report (i.e., at the top of the tiddler), so that a reverse-chronological history of imports is maintained.\n\nIf a cumulative record is not desired, the ImportedTiddlers report may be deleted at any time. A new ImportedTiddlers report will be created the next time tiddlers are imported.\n\nNote: You can prevent the ImportedTiddlers report from being generated for any given import activity by clearing the "create a report" checkbox before beginning the import processing.\n\n<<<\n!!!!!Installation\n<<<\ncopy/paste the following tiddlers into your document:\n''ImportTiddlersPlugin'' \n''ImportTiddlersPluginPatch2.1.x'' (only for installation in TW2.1.x or earlier)\n(both tagged with <<tag systemConfig>>)\n>Important Notes:\n>* As of 6/27/2007, "patch" functions that provide backward-compatibility with TW2.1.x and earlier have been split into a separate [[ImportTiddlersPluginPatch2.1.x]] tiddler to reduce installation overhead for //this// plugin. You only need to install this additional plugin tiddler when using ImportTiddlersPlugin in documents using TW2.1.x or earlier.\n>* As of 3/21/2007, the interactive {{{<<importTiddlers>>}}} and non-interactive {{{<<loadTiddlers>>}}} macro definitions and related code have been split into separate [[ImportTiddlersPlugin]] and [[LoadTiddlersPlugin]] to permit selective installation of either the interactive and/or non-interactive macro functions\n''Quick Installation Tip #1:''\nIf you are using an unmodified version of TiddlyWiki (core release version <<version>>), you can get a new, empty TiddlyWiki with the Import Tiddlers plugin pre-installed (''[[download from here|TW+ImportExport.html]]''), and then simply import all your content from your old document into this new, empty document.\n<<<\n!!!!!Revision History\n<<<\n''2007.06.27 [3.5.5]'' added missing 'fields' params to saveTiddler() calls. Fixes problem where importing tiddlers would lose the custom fields. Also, moved functions for backward-compatibility with TW2.1.x to separate [[ImportTiddlersPluginPatch2.1.x]] tiddler, reducing the size of //this// plugin tiddler by a significant amount.\n''2007.06.25 [3.5.4]'' added calls to store.suspendNotifications() and store.resumeNotifications(). Eliminates redisplay processing overhead DURING import activities\n|please see [[ImportTiddlersPluginHistory]] for additional revision details|\n''2005.07.20 [1.0.0]'' Initial Release\n<<<\n!!!!!Credits\n<<<\nThis feature was developed by EricShulman from [[ELS Design Studios|http:/www.elsdesign.com]]\n<<<\n!!!!!Code\n***/\n// // ''MACRO DEFINITION''\n//{{{\n// Version\nversion.extensions.importTiddlers = {major: 3, minor: 5, revision: 5, date: new Date(2007,6,27)};\n\n// IE needs explicit global scoping for functions/vars called from browser events\nwindow.onClickImportButton=onClickImportButton;\nwindow.refreshImportList=refreshImportList;\n\n// default cookie/option values\nif (!config.options.chkImportReport) config.options.chkImportReport=true;\n\nmerge(config.macros.importTiddlers,{\n label: "import tiddlers",\n prompt: "Copy tiddlers from another document",\n openMsg: "Opening %0",\n openErrMsg: "Could not open %0 - error=%1",\n readMsg: "Read %0 bytes from %1",\n foundMsg: "Found %0 tiddlers in %1",\n countMsg: "%0 tiddlers selected for import",\n importedMsg: "Imported %0 of %1 tiddlers from %2",\n loadText: "please load a document...",\n closeText: "close", // text for close button when remote file is loaded\n doneText: "done", // text for close button when remote file is not loaded\n src: "", // path/filename or URL of document to import (retrieved from SiteUrl tiddler)\n proxy: "", // URL for remote proxy script (retrieved from SiteProxy tiddler)\n useProxy: false, // use specific proxy script in front of remote URL\n inbound: null, // hash-indexed array of tiddlers from other document\n newTags: "", // text of tags added to imported tiddlers\n addTags: true, // add new tags to imported tiddlers\n listsize: 8, // # of lines to show in imported tiddler list\n importTags: true, // include tags from remote source document when importing a tiddler\n keepTags: true, // retain existing tags when replacing a tiddler\n index: 0, // current processing index in import list\n sort: "" // sort order for imported tiddler listbox\n});\n\nif (config.macros.importTiddlers.coreHandler==undefined)\n config.macros.importTiddlers.coreHandler=config.macros.importTiddlers.handler; // save built-in handler\n\nconfig.macros.importTiddlers.handler = function(place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler) {\n if (!params[0] || params[0].toLowerCase()=='core') { // default to built in\n if (config.macros.importTiddlers.coreHandler)\n config.macros.importTiddlers.coreHandler.apply(this,arguments);\n else \n createTiddlyButton(place,this.label,this.prompt,onClickImportMenu);\n }\n else if (params[0]=='link') { // show link to floating panel\n var label=params[1]?params[1]:this.label;\n var prompt=params[2]?params[2]:this.prompt;\n createTiddlyButton(place,label,prompt,onClickImportMenu);\n }\n else if (params[0]=='inline') {// show panel as INLINE tiddler content\n createImportPanel(place);\n document.getElementById("importPanel").style.position="static";\n document.getElementById("importPanel").style.display="block";\n }\n else if (config.macros.loadTiddlers)\n config.macros.loadTiddlers.handler(place,macroName,params); // any other params: loadtiddlers\n}\n//}}}\n\n// // ''INTERFACE DEFINITION''\n// // Handle link click to create/show/hide control panel\n//{{{\nfunction onClickImportMenu(e)\n{\n if (!e) var e = window.event;\n var parent=resolveTarget(e).parentNode;\n var panel = document.getElementById("importPanel");\n if (panel==undefined || panel.parentNode!=parent)\n panel=createImportPanel(parent);\n var isOpen = panel.style.display=="block";\n if(config.options.chkAnimate)\n anim.startAnimating(new Slider(panel,!isOpen,e.shiftKey || e.altKey,"none"));\n else\n panel.style.display = isOpen ? "none" : "block" ;\n e.cancelBubble = true;\n if (e.stopPropagation) e.stopPropagation();\n return(false);\n}\n//}}}\n\n// // Create control panel: HTML, CSS\n//{{{\nfunction createImportPanel(place) {\n var panel=document.getElementById("importPanel");\n if (panel) { panel.parentNode.removeChild(panel); }\n setStylesheet(config.macros.importTiddlers.css,"importTiddlers");\n panel=createTiddlyElement(place,"span","importPanel",null,null)\n panel.innerHTML=config.macros.importTiddlers.html;\n refreshImportList();\n var siteURL=store.getTiddlerText("SiteUrl"); if (!siteURL) siteURL="";\n document.getElementById("importSourceURL").value=siteURL;\n config.macros.importTiddlers.src=siteURL;\n var siteProxy=store.getTiddlerText("SiteProxy"); if (!siteProxy) siteProxy="SiteProxy";\n document.getElementById("importSiteProxy").value=siteProxy;\n config.macros.importTiddlers.proxy=siteProxy;\n return panel;\n}\n//}}}\n\n// // CSS\n//{{{\nconfig.macros.importTiddlers.css = '\s\n#importPanel {\s\n display: none; position:absolute; z-index:11; width:35em; right:105%; top:3em;\s\n background-color: #eee; color:#000; font-size: 8pt; line-height:110%;\s\n border:1px solid black; border-bottom-width: 3px; border-right-width: 3px;\s\n padding: 0.5em; margin:0em; -moz-border-radius:1em;\s\n}\s\n#importPanel a, #importPanel td a { color:#009; display:inline; margin:0px; padding:1px; }\s\n#importPanel table { width:100%; border:0px; padding:0px; margin:0px; font-size:8pt; line-height:110%; background:transparent; }\s\n#importPanel tr { border:0px;padding:0px;margin:0px; background:transparent; }\s\n#importPanel td { color:#000; border:0px;padding:0px;margin:0px; background:transparent; }\s\n#importPanel select { width:98%;margin:0px;font-size:8pt;line-height:110%;}\s\n#importPanel input { width:98%;padding:0px;margin:0px;font-size:8pt;line-height:110%}\s\n#importPanel .box { border:1px solid black; padding:3px; margin-bottom:5px; background:#f8f8f8; -moz-border-radius:5px;}\s\n#importPanel .topline { border-top:2px solid black; padding-top:3px; margin-bottom:5px; }\s\n#importPanel .rad { width:auto; }\s\n#importPanel .chk { width:auto; margin:1px;border:0; }\s\n#importPanel .btn { width:auto; }\s\n#importPanel .btn1 { width:98%; }\s\n#importPanel .btn2 { width:48%; }\s\n#importPanel .btn3 { width:32%; }\s\n#importPanel .btn4 { width:24%; }\s\n#importPanel .btn5 { width:19%; }\s\n#importPanel .importButton { padding: 0em; margin: 0px; font-size:8pt; }\s\n#importPanel .importListButton { padding:0em 0.25em 0em 0.25em; color: #000000; display:inline }\s\n#importCollisionPanel { display:none; margin:0.5em 0em 0em 0em; }\s\n';\n//}}}\n\n// // HTML \n//{{{\nconfig.macros.importTiddlers.html = '\s\n\s\n<table><tr><td align=left>\s\n import from\s\n <input type="radio" class="rad" name="importFrom" id="importFromFile" value="file" CHECKED\s\n onClick="document.getElementById(\s'importLocalPanel\s').style.display=this.checked?\s'block\s':\s'none\s';\s\n document.getElementById(\s'importHTTPPanel\s').style.display=!this.checked?\s'block\s':\s'none\s'"> local file\s\n <input type="radio" class="rad" name="importFrom" id="importFromWeb" value="http"\s\n onClick="document.getElementById(\s'importLocalPanel\s').style.display=!this.checked?\s'block\s':\s'none\s';\s\n document.getElementById(\s'importHTTPPanel\s').style.display=this.checked?\s'block\s':\s'none\s'"> web server\s\n</td><td align=right>\s\n <input type=checkbox class="chk" id="chkImportReport" checked\s\n onClick="config.options[\s'chkImportReport\s']=this.checked;"> create a report\s\n</td></tr></table>\s\n\s\n<div id="importLocalPanel" style="display:block;margin-bottom:5px;margin-top:5px;padding-top:3px;border-top:1px solid #999">\s\nlocal document path/filename:<br>\s\n<input type="file" id="fileImportSource" size=57 style="width:100%"\s\n onKeyUp="config.macros.importTiddlers.src=this.value"\s\n onChange="config.macros.importTiddlers.src=this.value;">\s\n</div>\s\n\s\n\s\n<div id="importHTTPPanel" style="display:none;margin-bottom:5px;margin-top:5px;padding-top:3px;border-top:1px solid #999">\s\n<table><tr><td align=left>\s\n remote document URL:<br>\s\n</td><td align=right>\s\n <input type="checkbox" class="chk" id="importUseProxy"\s\n onClick="config.macros.importTiddlers.useProxy=this.checked;\s\n document.getElementById(\s'importSiteProxy\s').style.display=this.checked?\s'block\s':\s'none\s'"> use a proxy script\s\n</td></tr></table>\s\n<input type="text" id="importSiteProxy" style="display:none;margin-bottom:1px" onfocus="this.select()" value="SiteProxy"\s\n onKeyUp="config.macros.importTiddlers.proxy=this.value"\s\n onChange="config.macros.importTiddlers.proxy=this.value;">\s\n<input type="text" id="importSourceURL" onfocus="this.select()" value="SiteUrl"\s\n onKeyUp="config.macros.importTiddlers.src=this.value"\s\n onChange="config.macros.importTiddlers.src=this.value;">\s\n</div>\s\n\s\n<table><tr><td align=left>\s\n select:\s\n <a href="JavaScript:;" id="importSelectAll"\s\n onclick="onClickImportButton(this)" title="select all tiddlers">\s\n  all </a>\s\n <a href="JavaScript:;" id="importSelectNew"\s\n onclick="onClickImportButton(this)" title="select tiddlers not already in destination document">\s\n  added </a> \s\n <a href="JavaScript:;" id="importSelectChanges"\s\n onclick="onClickImportButton(this)" title="select tiddlers that have been updated in source document">\s\n  changes </a> \s\n <a href="JavaScript:;" id="importSelectDifferences"\s\n onclick="onClickImportButton(this)" title="select tiddlers that have been added or are different from existing tiddlers">\s\n  differences </a> \s\n <a href="JavaScript:;" id="importToggleFilter"\s\n onclick="onClickImportButton(this)" title="show/hide selection filter">\s\n  filter </a> \s\n</td><td align=right>\s\n <a href="JavaScript:;" id="importListSmaller"\s\n onclick="onClickImportButton(this)" title="reduce list size">\s\n   </a>\s\n <a href="JavaScript:;" id="importListLarger"\s\n onclick="onClickImportButton(this)" title="increase list size">\s\n  + </a>\s\n <a href="JavaScript:;" id="importListMaximize"\s\n onclick="onClickImportButton(this)" title="maximize/restore list size">\s\n  = </a>\s\n</td></tr></table>\s\n<select id="importList" size=8 multiple\s\n onchange="setTimeout(\s'refreshImportList(\s'+this.selectedIndex+\s')\s',1)">\s\n \s\n</select>\s\n<input type=checkbox class="chk" id="chkAddTags" checked\s\n onClick="config.macros.importTiddlers.addTags=this.checked;">add new tags  \s\n<input type=checkbox class="chk" id="chkImportTags" checked\s\n onClick="config.macros.importTiddlers.importTags=this.checked;">import source tags  \s\n<input type=checkbox class="chk" id="chkKeepTags" checked\s\n onClick="config.macros.importTiddlers.keepTags=this.checked;">keep existing tags<br>\s\n<input type=text id="txtNewTags" size=15 onKeyUp="config.macros.importTiddlers.newTags=this.value" autocomplete=off>\s\n<div align=center>\s\n <input type=button id="importLoad" class="importButton" style="width:32%" value="load"\s\n title="load listbox with tiddlers from source document"\s\n onclick="onClickImportButton(this)">\s\n <input type=button id="importStart" class="importButton" style="width:32%" value="import"\s\n title="add selected source tiddlers to the current document"\s\n onclick="onClickImportButton(this)">\s\n <input type=button id="importClose" class="importButton" style="width:32%" value="close"\s\n title="clear listbox or hide control panel"\s\n onclick="onClickImportButton(this)">\s\n</div>\s\n<div id="importCollisionPanel">\s\n tiddler already exists:\s\n <input type=text id="importNewTitle" size=15 autocomplete=off">\s\n <div align=center>\s\n <input type=button id="importSkip" class="importButton" style="width:23%" value="skip"\s\n title="do not import this tiddler"\s\n onclick="onClickImportButton(this)">\s\n <input type=button id="importRename" class="importButton" style="width:23%" value="rename"\s\n title="rename the incoming tiddler"\s\n onclick="onClickImportButton(this)">\s\n <input type=button id="importMerge" class="importButton" style="width:23%" value="merge"\s\n title="append the incoming tiddler to the existing tiddler"\s\n onclick="onClickImportButton(this)">\s\n <input type=button id="importReplace" class="importButton" style="width:23%" value="replace"\s\n title="discard the existing tiddler"\s\n onclick="onClickImportButton(this)">\s\n </div>\s\n</div>\s\n';\n//}}}\n\n// // Control interactions\n//{{{\nfunction onClickImportButton(which)\n{\n // DEBUG alert(which.id);\n var theList = document.getElementById('importList');\n if (!theList) return;\n var thePanel = document.getElementById('importPanel');\n var theCollisionPanel = document.getElementById('importCollisionPanel');\n var theNewTitle = document.getElementById('importNewTitle');\n var count=0;\n switch (which.id)\n {\n case 'fileImportSource':\n case 'importLoad': // load import source into hidden frame\n importReport(); // if an import was in progress, generate a report\n config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound=null; // clear the imported tiddler buffer\n refreshImportList(); // reset/resize the listbox\n if (config.macros.importTiddlers.src=="") break;\n // Load document, read it's DOM and fill the list\n config.macros.importTiddlers.loadRemoteFile(config.macros.importTiddlers.src,\n function(success,params,txt,src,xhr) {\n if (!success) { displayMessage(config.macros.importTiddlers.openErrMsg.format([src,xhr.status])); return; }\n var tiddlers = config.macros.importTiddlers.readTiddlersFromHTML(txt);\n var count=tiddlers?tiddlers.length:0;\n var querypos=src.lastIndexOf("?"); if (querypos!=-1) src=src.substr(0,querypos);\n displayMessage(config.macros.importTiddlers.foundMsg.format([count,src]));\n config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound=tiddlers;\n window.refreshImportList(0);\n });\n break;\n case 'importSelectAll': // select all tiddler list items (i.e., not headings)\n importReport(); // if an import was in progress, generate a report\n for (var t=0,count=0; t < theList.options.length; t++) {\n if (theList.options[t].value=="") continue;\n theList.options[t].selected=true;\n count++;\n }\n clearMessage(); displayMessage(config.macros.importTiddlers.countMsg.format([count]));\n break;\n case 'importSelectNew': // select tiddlers not in current document\n importReport(); // if an import was in progress, generate a report\n for (var t=0,count=0; t < theList.options.length; t++) {\n theList.options[t].selected=false;\n if (theList.options[t].value=="") continue;\n theList.options[t].selected=!store.tiddlerExists(theList.options[t].value);\n count+=theList.options[t].selected?1:0;\n }\n clearMessage(); displayMessage(config.macros.importTiddlers.countMsg.format([count]));\n break;\n case 'importSelectChanges': // select tiddlers that are updated from existing tiddlers\n importReport(); // if an import was in progress, generate a report\n for (var t=0,count=0; t < theList.options.length; t++) {\n theList.options[t].selected=false;\n if (theList.options[t].value==""||!store.tiddlerExists(theList.options[t].value)) continue;\n for (var i=0; i<config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound.length; i++) // find matching inbound tiddler\n { var inbound=config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[i]; if (inbound.title==theList.options[t].value) break; }\n theList.options[t].selected=(inbound.modified-store.getTiddler(theList.options[t].value).modified>0); // updated tiddler\n count+=theList.options[t].selected?1:0;\n }\n clearMessage(); displayMessage(config.macros.importTiddlers.countMsg.format([count]));\n break;\n case 'importSelectDifferences': // select tiddlers that are new or different from existing tiddlers\n importReport(); // if an import was in progress, generate a report\n for (var t=0,count=0; t < theList.options.length; t++) {\n theList.options[t].selected=false;\n if (theList.options[t].value=="") continue;\n if (!store.tiddlerExists(theList.options[t].value)) { theList.options[t].selected=true; count++; continue; }\n for (var i=0; i<config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound.length; i++) // find matching inbound tiddler\n { var inbound=config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[i]; if (inbound.title==theList.options[t].value) break; }\n theList.options[t].selected=(inbound.modified-store.getTiddler(theList.options[t].value).modified!=0); // changed tiddler\n count+=theList.options[t].selected?1:0;\n }\n clearMessage(); displayMessage(config.macros.importTiddlers.countMsg.format([count]));\n break;\n case 'importToggleFilter': // show/hide filter\n case 'importFilter': // apply filter\n alert("coming soon!");\n break;\n case 'importStart': // initiate the import processing\n importReport(); // if an import was in progress, generate a report\n config.macros.importTiddlers.index=0;\n config.macros.importTiddlers.index=importTiddlers(0);\n importStopped();\n break;\n case 'importClose': // unload imported tiddlers or hide the import control panel\n // if imported tiddlers not loaded, close the import control panel\n if (!config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound) { thePanel.style.display='none'; break; }\n importReport(); // if an import was in progress, generate a report\n config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound=null; // clear the imported tiddler buffer\n refreshImportList(); // reset/resize the listbox\n break;\n case 'importSkip': // don't import the tiddler\n var theItem = theList.options[config.macros.importTiddlers.index];\n for (var j=0;j<config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound.length;j++)\n if (config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[j].title==theItem.value) break;\n var theImported = config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[j];\n theImported.status='skipped after asking'; // mark item as skipped\n theCollisionPanel.style.display='none';\n config.macros.importTiddlers.index=importTiddlers(config.macros.importTiddlers.index+1); // resume with NEXT item\n importStopped();\n break;\n case 'importRename': // change name of imported tiddler\n var theItem = theList.options[config.macros.importTiddlers.index];\n for (var j=0;j<config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound.length;j++)\n if (config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[j].title==theItem.value) break;\n var theImported = config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[j];\n theImported.status = 'renamed from '+theImported.title; // mark item as renamed\n theImported.set(theNewTitle.value,null,null,null,null); // change the tiddler title\n theItem.value = theNewTitle.value; // change the listbox item text\n theItem.text = theNewTitle.value; // change the listbox item text\n theCollisionPanel.style.display='none';\n config.macros.importTiddlers.index=importTiddlers(config.macros.importTiddlers.index); // resume with THIS item\n importStopped();\n break;\n case 'importMerge': // join existing and imported tiddler content\n var theItem = theList.options[config.macros.importTiddlers.index];\n for (var j=0;j<config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound.length;j++)\n if (config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[j].title==theItem.value) break;\n var theImported = config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[j];\n var theExisting = store.getTiddler(theItem.value);\n var theText = theExisting.text+'\sn----\sn^^merged from: ';\n theText +='[['+config.macros.importTiddlers.src+'#'+theItem.value+'|'+config.macros.importTiddlers.src+'#'+theItem.value+']]^^\sn';\n theText +='^^'+theImported.modified.toLocaleString()+' by '+theImported.modifier+'^^\sn'+theImported.text;\n var theDate = new Date();\n var theTags = theExisting.getTags()+' '+theImported.getTags();\n theImported.set(null,theText,null,theDate,theTags);\n theImported.status = 'merged with '+theExisting.title; // mark item as merged\n theImported.status += ' - '+theExisting.modified.formatString("MM/DD/YYYY 0hh:0mm:0ss");\n theImported.status += ' by '+theExisting.modifier;\n theCollisionPanel.style.display='none';\n config.macros.importTiddlers.index=importTiddlers(config.macros.importTiddlers.index); // resume with this item\n importStopped();\n break;\n case 'importReplace': // substitute imported tiddler for existing tiddler\n var theItem = theList.options[config.macros.importTiddlers.index];\n for (var j=0;j<config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound.length;j++)\n if (config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[j].title==theItem.value) break;\n var theImported = config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[j];\n var theExisting = store.getTiddler(theItem.value);\n theImported.status = 'replaces '+theExisting.title; // mark item for replace\n theImported.status += ' - '+theExisting.modified.formatString("MM/DD/YYYY 0hh:0mm:0ss");\n theImported.status += ' by '+theExisting.modifier;\n theCollisionPanel.style.display='none';\n config.macros.importTiddlers.index=importTiddlers(config.macros.importTiddlers.index); // resume with THIS item\n importStopped();\n break;\n case 'importListSmaller': // decrease current listbox size, minimum=5\n if (theList.options.length==1) break;\n theList.size-=(theList.size>5)?1:0;\n config.macros.importTiddlers.listsize=theList.size;\n break;\n case 'importListLarger': // increase current listbox size, maximum=number of items in list\n if (theList.options.length==1) break;\n theList.size+=(theList.size<theList.options.length)?1:0;\n config.macros.importTiddlers.listsize=theList.size;\n break;\n case 'importListMaximize': // toggle listbox size between current and maximum\n if (theList.options.length==1) break;\n theList.size=(theList.size==theList.options.length)?config.macros.importTiddlers.listsize:theList.options.length;\n break;\n }\n}\n//}}}\n\n// // refresh listbox\n//{{{\nfunction refreshImportList(selectedIndex)\n{\n var theList = document.getElementById("importList");\n if (!theList) return;\n // if nothing to show, reset list content and size\n if (!config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound) \n {\n while (theList.length > 0) { theList.options[0] = null; }\n theList.options[0]=new Option(config.macros.importTiddlers.loadText,"",false,false);\n theList.size=config.macros.importTiddlers.listsize;\n document.getElementById('importLoad').disabled=false;\n document.getElementById('fileImportSource').disabled=false;\n document.getElementById('importFromFile').disabled=false;\n document.getElementById('importFromWeb').disabled=false;\n document.getElementById('importClose').value=config.macros.importTiddlers.closeText;\n return;\n }\n\n // get the sort order\n if (!selectedIndex) selectedIndex=0;\n if (selectedIndex==0) config.macros.importTiddlers.sort='title'; // heading\n if (selectedIndex==1) config.macros.importTiddlers.sort='title';\n if (selectedIndex==2) config.macros.importTiddlers.sort='modified';\n if (selectedIndex==3) config.macros.importTiddlers.sort='tags';\n if (selectedIndex>3) {\n // display selected tiddler count\n for (var t=0,count=0; t < theList.options.length; t++) {\n if (!theList.options[t].selected) continue;\n if (theList.options[t].value!="")\n count+=1;\n else { // if heading is selected, deselect it, and then select and count all in section\n theList.options[t].selected=false;\n for ( t++; t<theList.options.length && theList.options[t].value!=""; t++) {\n theList.options[t].selected=true;\n count++;\n }\n }\n }\n clearMessage(); displayMessage(config.macros.importTiddlers.countMsg.format([count]));\n return; // no refresh needed\n }\n\n // there are inbound tiddlers loaded... disable inapplicable controls...\n document.getElementById('importLoad').disabled=true;\n document.getElementById('fileImportSource').disabled=true;\n document.getElementById('importFromFile').disabled=true;\n document.getElementById('importFromWeb').disabled=true;\n document.getElementById('importClose').value=config.macros.importTiddlers.doneText;\n\n // get the alphasorted list of tiddlers (optionally, filter out unchanged tiddlers)\n var tiddlers=config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound;\n tiddlers.sort(function (a,b) {if(a['title'] == b['title']) return(0); else return (a['title'] < b['title']) ? -1 : +1; });\n // clear current list contents\n while (theList.length > 0) { theList.options[0] = null; }\n // add heading and control items to list\n var i=0;\n var indent=String.fromCharCode(160)+String.fromCharCode(160);\n theList.options[i++]=new Option(tiddlers.length+' tiddler'+((tiddlers.length!=1)?'s are':' is')+' in the document',"",false,false);\n theList.options[i++]=new Option(((config.macros.importTiddlers.sort=="title" )?">":indent)+' [by title]',"",false,false);\n theList.options[i++]=new Option(((config.macros.importTiddlers.sort=="modified")?">":indent)+' [by date]',"",false,false);\n theList.options[i++]=new Option(((config.macros.importTiddlers.sort=="tags")?">":indent)+' [by tags]',"",false,false);\n // output the tiddler list\n switch(config.macros.importTiddlers.sort)\n {\n case "title":\n for(var t = 0; t < tiddlers.length; t++)\n theList.options[i++] = new Option(tiddlers[t].title,tiddlers[t].title,false,false);\n break;\n case "modified":\n // sort descending for newest date first\n tiddlers.sort(function (a,b) {if(a['modified'] == b['modified']) return(0); else return (a['modified'] > b['modified']) ? -1 : +1; });\n var lastSection = "";\n for(var t = 0; t < tiddlers.length; t++) {\n var tiddler = tiddlers[t];\n var theSection = tiddler.modified.toLocaleDateString();\n if (theSection != lastSection) {\n theList.options[i++] = new Option(theSection,"",false,false);\n lastSection = theSection;\n }\n theList.options[i++] = new Option(indent+indent+tiddler.title,tiddler.title,false,false);\n }\n break;\n case "tags":\n var theTitles = {}; // all tiddler titles, hash indexed by tag value\n var theTags = new Array();\n for(var t=0; t<tiddlers.length; t++) {\n var title=tiddlers[t].title;\n var tags=tiddlers[t].tags;\n if (!tags || !tags.length) {\n if (theTitles["untagged"]==undefined) { theTags.push("untagged"); theTitles["untagged"]=new Array(); }\n theTitles["untagged"].push(title);\n }\n else for(var s=0; s<tags.length; s++) {\n if (theTitles[tags[s]]==undefined) { theTags.push(tags[s]); theTitles[tags[s]]=new Array(); }\n theTitles[tags[s]].push(title);\n }\n }\n theTags.sort();\n for(var tagindex=0; tagindex<theTags.length; tagindex++) {\n var theTag=theTags[tagindex];\n theList.options[i++]=new Option(theTag,"",false,false);\n for(var t=0; t<theTitles[theTag].length; t++)\n theList.options[i++]=new Option(indent+indent+theTitles[theTag][t],theTitles[theTag][t],false,false);\n }\n break;\n }\n theList.selectedIndex=selectedIndex; // select current control item\n if (theList.size<config.macros.importTiddlers.listsize) theList.size=config.macros.importTiddlers.listsize;\n if (theList.size>theList.options.length) theList.size=theList.options.length;\n}\n//}}}\n\n// // re-entrant processing for handling import with interactive collision prompting\n//{{{\nfunction importTiddlers(startIndex)\n{\n if (!config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound) return -1;\n\n var theList = document.getElementById('importList');\n if (!theList) return;\n var t;\n // if starting new import, reset import status flags\n if (startIndex==0)\n for (var t=0;t<config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound.length;t++)\n config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[t].status="";\n for (var i=startIndex; i<theList.options.length; i++)\n {\n // if list item is not selected or is a heading (i.e., has no value), skip it\n if ((!theList.options[i].selected) || ((t=theList.options[i].value)==""))\n continue;\n for (var j=0;j<config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound.length;j++)\n if (config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[j].title==t) break;\n var inbound = config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[j];\n var theExisting = store.getTiddler(inbound.title);\n // avoid redundant import for tiddlers that are listed multiple times (when 'by tags')\n if (inbound.status=="added")\n continue;\n // don't import the "ImportedTiddlers" history from the other document...\n if (inbound.title=='ImportedTiddlers')\n continue;\n // if tiddler exists and import not marked for replace or merge, stop importing\n if (theExisting && (inbound.status.substr(0,7)!="replace") && (inbound.status.substr(0,5)!="merge"))\n return i;\n // assemble tags (remote + existing + added)\n var newTags = "";\n if (config.macros.importTiddlers.importTags)\n newTags+=inbound.getTags() // import remote tags\n if (config.macros.importTiddlers.keepTags && theExisting)\n newTags+=" "+theExisting.getTags(); // keep existing tags\n if (config.macros.importTiddlers.addTags && config.macros.importTiddlers.newTags.trim().length)\n newTags+=" "+config.macros.importTiddlers.newTags; // add new tags\n inbound.set(null,null,null,null,newTags.trim());\n // set the status to 'added' (if not already set by the 'ask the user' UI)\n inbound.status=(inbound.status=="")?'added':inbound.status;\n // do the import!\n store.suspendNotifications();\n store.saveTiddler(inbound.title, inbound.title, inbound.text, inbound.modifier, inbound.modified, inbound.tags, inbound.fields, true, inbound.created);\n store.fetchTiddler(inbound.title).created = inbound.created; // force creation date to imported value (needed for TW2.1.x and earlier)\n store.resumeNotifications();\n }\n return(-1); // signals that we really finished the entire list\n}\n//}}}\n\n//{{{\nfunction importStopped()\n{\n var theList = document.getElementById('importList');\n var theNewTitle = document.getElementById('importNewTitle');\n if (!theList) return;\n if (config.macros.importTiddlers.index==-1)\n importReport(); // import finished... generate the report\n else\n {\n // import collision... show the collision panel and set the title edit field\n document.getElementById('importCollisionPanel').style.display='block';\n theNewTitle.value=theList.options[config.macros.importTiddlers.index].value;\n }\n}\n//}}}\n\n// // ''REPORT GENERATOR''\n//{{{\nfunction importReport(quiet)\n{\n if (!config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound) return;\n // DEBUG alert('importReport: start');\n\n // if import was not completed, the collision panel will still be open... close it now.\n var panel=document.getElementById('importCollisionPanel'); if (panel) panel.style.display='none';\n\n // get the alphasorted list of tiddlers\n var tiddlers = config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound;\n // gather the statistics\n var count=0;\n for (var t=0; t<tiddlers.length; t++)\n if (tiddlers[t].status && tiddlers[t].status.trim().length && tiddlers[t].status.substr(0,7)!="skipped") count++;\n\n // generate a report\n if (count && config.options.chkImportReport) {\n // get/create the report tiddler\n var theReport = store.getTiddler('ImportedTiddlers');\n if (!theReport) { theReport= new Tiddler(); theReport.title = 'ImportedTiddlers'; theReport.text = ""; }\n // format the report content\n var now = new Date();\n var newText = "On "+now.toLocaleString()+", "+config.options.txtUserName\n newText +=" imported "+count+" tiddler"+(count==1?"":"s")+" from\sn[["+config.macros.importTiddlers.src+"|"+config.macros.importTiddlers.src+"]]:\sn";\n if (config.macros.importTiddlers.addTags && config.macros.importTiddlers.newTags.trim().length)\n newText += "imported tiddlers were tagged with: \s""+config.macros.importTiddlers.newTags+"\s"\sn";\n newText += "<<<\sn";\n for (var t=0; t<tiddlers.length; t++) if (tiddlers[t].status) newText += "#[["+tiddlers[t].title+"]] - "+tiddlers[t].status+"\sn";\n newText += "<<<\sn";\n // update the ImportedTiddlers content and show the tiddler\n theReport.text = newText+((theReport.text!="")?'\sn----\sn':"")+theReport.text;\n theReport.modifier = config.options.txtUserName;\n theReport.modified = new Date();\n store.saveTiddler(theReport.title, theReport.title, theReport.text, theReport.modifier, theReport.modified, theReport.tags, theReport.fields);\n if (!quiet) { story.displayTiddler(null,theReport.title,1,null,null,false); story.refreshTiddler(theReport.title,1,true); }\n }\n\n // reset status flags\n for (var t=0; t<config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound.length; t++) config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[t].status="";\n\n // mark document as dirty and let display update as needed\n if (count) { store.setDirty(true); store.notifyAll(); }\n\n // always show final message when tiddlers were actually loaded\n if (count) displayMessage(config.macros.importTiddlers.importedMsg.format([count,tiddlers.length,config.macros.importTiddlers.src]));\n}\n//}}}\n\n// // File and XMLHttpRequest I/O\n//{{{\nconfig.macros.importTiddlers.fileExists=function(theFile) {\n var found=false;\n // DEBUG: alert('testing fileExists('+theFile+')...');\n if(window.Components) {\n try { netscape.security.PrivilegeManager.enablePrivilege("UniversalXPConnect"); }\n catch(e) { return false; } // security access denied\n var file = Components.classes["@mozilla.org/file/local;1"].createInstance(Components.interfaces.nsILocalFile);\n try { file.initWithPath(theFile); }\n catch(e) { return false; } // invalid directory\n found = file.exists();\n }\n else { // use ActiveX FSO object for MSIE \n var fso = new ActiveXObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject");\n found = fso.FileExists(theFile)\n }\n // DEBUG: alert(theFile+" "+(found?"exists":"not found"));\n return found;\n}\n\nconfig.macros.importTiddlers.loadRemoteFile = function(src,callback,quiet) {\n if (src==undefined || !src.length) return null; // filename is required\n if (!quiet) clearMessage();\n if (!quiet) displayMessage(this.openMsg.format([src]));\n if (src.substr(0,5)!="http:" && src.substr(0,5)!="file:") { // if src is relative (i.e., not a URL)\n if (!this.fileExists(src)) { // if file cannot be found, might be relative path.. try fixup\n var pathPrefix=document.location.href; // get current document path and trim off filename\n var slashpos=pathPrefix.lastIndexOf("/"); if (slashpos==-1) slashpos=pathPrefix.lastIndexOf("\s\s"); \n if (slashpos!=-1 && slashpos!=pathPrefix.length-1) pathPrefix=pathPrefix.substr(0,slashpos+1);\n src=pathPrefix+src;\n if (pathPrefix.substr(0,5)!="http:") src=getLocalPath(src);\n }\n }\n if (src.substr(0,5)!="http:" && src.substr(0,5)!="file:") { // if not a URL, read from local filesystem\n var txt=loadFile(src);\n if ((txt==null)||(txt==false)) // file didn't load\n { if (!quiet) displayMessage(config.macros.importTiddlers.openErrMsg.format([src,"(filesystem error)"])); }\n else {\n if (!quiet) displayMessage(config.macros.importTiddlers.readMsg.format([txt.length,src]));\n if (callback) callback(true,quiet,convertUTF8ToUnicode(txt),src,null);\n }\n }\n else {\n var xhr=loadRemoteFile(src,callback,quiet);\n if (!quiet && !xhr) displayMessage(config.macros.importTiddlers.openErrMsg.format([src,"(XMLHTTPRequest error)"]));\n }\n}\n\nconfig.macros.importTiddlers.readTiddlersFromHTML=function(html)\n{\n var remoteStore=new TiddlyWiki();\n remoteStore.importTiddlyWiki(html);\n return remoteStore.getTiddlers("title"); \n}\n//}}}

This tiddler incorporates the ImportedTiddlers tiddler that is automatically created by the ImportTiddlersPlugin macro, and that provides a cumulativee log of tiddlers imported from other TiddyWiki pages.\n\n<<tiddler ImportedTiddlers>>'

On 2007.06.24 - Sunday, June 24 3:40:42 PM, wbster imported 3 tiddlers from\n[[T:\stiddlytools.com\sindex.htm|T:\stiddlytools.com\sindex.htm]]:\n<<<\n#[[InlineJavascriptPlugin]] - added\n#[[RefreshTiddler]] - added\n#[[SliderFrame]] - added\n<<<\n\n----\nOn 2007.04.25 - Wednesday, April 25 9:24:42 AM, Webster imported 1 tiddler from\n[[T:\stiddlytools.com\sindex.htm|T:\stiddlytools.com\sindex.htm]]:\n<<<\n#[[TagCloudPlugin]] - added\n<<<\n\n----\nOn 2007.04.18 - Wednesday, April 18 11:55:44 PM, Webster imported 2 tiddlers from\n[[T:\sclimate-change-two.net\sar4-wg2-spm\sindex.htm|T:\sclimate-change-two.net\sar4-wg2-spm\sindex.htm]]:\n<<<\n#[[60th Annual DPI/NGO Conference]] - added\n#[[DPI/NGO Conference Planning Committee]] - added\n<<<\n\n----\nOn 2007.04.18 - Wednesday, April 18 2:14:01 AM, Webster imported 1 tiddler from\n[[T:\sclimate-change-two.net\sar4-wg2-spm\sindex.htm|T:\sclimate-change-two.net\sar4-wg2-spm\sindex.htm]]:\n<<<\n#[[Networking Sub-Committee]] - added\n<<<\n\n----\nOn 2007.04.18 - Wednesday, April 18 2:06:11 AM, Webster imported 1 tiddler from\n[[T:\sclimate-change-two.net\sar4-wg2-spm\sindex.htm|T:\sclimate-change-two.net\sar4-wg2-spm\sindex.htm]]:\n<<<\n#[[Welcome]] - added\n<<<\n\n----\nOn 2007.04.18 - Wednesday, April 18 1:57:25 AM, Webster imported 1 tiddler from\n[[T:\sclimate-change-two.net\sar4-wg2-spm\sindex.htm|T:\sclimate-change-two.net\sar4-wg2-spm\sindex.htm]]:\n<<<\n#[[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] - added\n<<<\n\n----\nOn 2007.04.18 - Wednesday, April 18 1:23:18 AM, Webster imported 1 tiddler from\n[[T:\sclimate-change-two.net\sar4-wg2-spm\sindex.htm|T:\sclimate-change-two.net\sar4-wg2-spm\sindex.htm]]:\n<<<\n#[[Climate Change 2.0 - Elements]] - replaces Climate Change 2.0 - Elements - 4/5/2007 14:17:00 by Webster\n<<<\n\n----\nOn 2007.04.18 - Wednesday, April 18 1:22:25 AM, Webster imported 1 tiddler from\n[[T:\sclimate-change-two.net\sar4-wg2-spm\sindex.htm|T:\sclimate-change-two.net\sar4-wg2-spm\sindex.htm]]:\n<<<\n#[[Setup Menu]] - replaces Setup Menu - 4/5/2007 12:47:00 by Webster\n<<<\n\n----\nOn 2007.03.17 - Saturday, March 17 5:33:38 PM, Information Habitat imported 5 tiddlers from\n[[T:\stw.lewcid.org\ssandbox\sindex.htm|T:\stw.lewcid.org\ssandbox\sindex.htm]]:\n<<<\n#[[ExternalLinkPreviewPlugin]] - added\n#[[InlineSlidersPlugin]] - added\n#[[MultiRssPlugin]] - added\n#[[TiddlerPreviewsPlugin]] - added\n#[[contentFooter]] - added\n<<<\n\n----\nOn 2007.03.11 - Sunday, March 11 8:26:15 PM, Information Habitat imported 3 tiddlers from\n[[T:\sngo-education.net\sclimate-change\sindex.htm|T:\sngo-education.net\sclimate-change\sindex.htm]]:\n<<<\n#[[Climate Change]] - added\n#[[Included TiddlyWikis]] - added\n#[[SideBarTabs]] - added\n<<<\n\n----\nOn 2007.03.11 - Sunday, March 11 8:07:16 PM, Information Habitat imported 2 tiddlers from\n[[T:\sngo-education.net\sclimate-change\sindex.htm|T:\sngo-education.net\sclimate-change\sindex.htm]]:\n<<<\n#[[DataPerfect]] - skipped after asking\n#[[IncludeList]] - added\n#[[include]] - added\n<<<\n\n----\nOn 2007.03.08 - Thursday, March 08 7:08:32 AM, Information Habitat imported 2 tiddlers from\n[[T:\sngo-education.net\sworkshop\sindex.htm|T:\sngo-education.net\sworkshop\sindex.htm]]:\n<<<\n#[[Armenian Assembly of America]] - added\n#[[Earthwatch Institute]] - added\n<<<\n\n----\nOn 2007.03.08 - Thursday, March 08 2:48:41 AM, Information Habitat imported 12 tiddlers from\n[[T:\sngo-education.net\schallenge\sindex.htm|T:\sngo-education.net\schallenge\sindex.htm]]:\n<<<\n#[[Educating for tomorrow’s world]] - added\n#[[Formatting Text]] - added\n#[[Formatting Tiddlers]] - added\n#[[Headings & Outlines]] - added\n#[[Imported Tiddlers]] - added\n#[[International Implementation Scheme - UNESCO]] - added\n#[[Plugin Macros]] - added\n#[[Software Contributions]] - added\n#[[Templates & Stylesheets]] - added\n#[[Tiddlers]] - added\n#[[TiddlyWikiPerfect]] - added\n#[[Vision & Definition of ESD]] - skipped after asking\n#[[Youth Challenge]] - added\n<<<\n\n----\nOn 2007.03.07 - Wednesday, March 07 11:04:21 PM, Information Habitat imported 1 tiddler from\n[[T:\sngo-education.net\sclimate-change\sindex.htm|T:\sngo-education.net\sclimate-change\sindex.htm]]:\n<<<\n#[[StyleSheetColors]] - replaces StyleSheetColors - 1/20/2007 18:45:00 by Robert Pollard\n<<<\n\n----\nOn 2007.03.07 - Wednesday, March 07 6:27:55 AM, Information Habitat imported 14 tiddlers from\n[[T:\sngo-education.net\schallenge\sindex.htm|T:\sngo-education.net\schallenge\sindex.htm]]:\n<<<\n#[[57/254. United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development]] - added\n#[[58/219. United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development]] - added\n#[[59/237. United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development]] - added\n#[[Declaration of the Tbilisi Intergovernmental Conference on Environmental Education]] - added\n#[[Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment]] - added\n#[[Key Documents on Education for Sustainable Development]] - added\n#[[Millennium Development Goals]] - added\n#[[StyleSheetColors]] - replaces StyleSheetColors - 2/25/2007 15:26:00 by Information Habitat\n#[[StyleSheetLayout]] - replaces StyleSheetLayout - 12/26/2006 14:38:00 by Grandpa Ruh\n#[[Sustainable Development]] - added\n#[[The Talloires Declaration]] - added\n#[[UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development]] - replaces UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development - 11/6/2006 10:22:00 by GrandpaRuh\n#[[User Options]] - replaces User Options - 12/26/2006 11:26:00 by Grandpa Ruh\n#[[Vision & Definition of ESD]] - added\n<<<\n

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Though the use of the {{{<<include>>}}} macro from the IncludePlugin, tiddlers from the following sites are directly accessible from within this TiddlyWiki page.\n\n<<include "workshop/index.htm">>\n<<include "stern-review/index.htm">>\n<<include "challenge/index.htm">>\n<<include "plan-b/index.htm">>\n<<include "http://www.un-documents.net/un-docs.htm">>

<<includeState>>

@@font-size:90%;''Note'': [[Click here to view this page in a separate browser tab or window|http://bluedot.us/users/Information-Ecologist]]@@\n<html>\n<iframe\n style="\n background-color:#ffffff; \n border-color:#ffffff;\n border:none;"\n width = "800"\n height = "1000"\n frameborder = "0"\n scrolling = "yes"\n src = "http://bluedot.us/users/Information-Ecologist"\n title = "Information Ecologist @ BlueDot"'>\n</iframe> </html>

''Information ecology'' is a holistic life science for a knowledge-based universe - based on the concept of information and information systems as evolving life forms whose behaviour can best be understood by considering the nature and dynamics of information ecosystems in conjunction with an appreciation of the fundamental nature and properties of information and of a knowledge-based universe and the premise of the existence of 'one light in all of creation'.\n!!Properties of information\nInformation has:\n* has zero mass\n* has zero physical size \n* takes virtually zero time to travel\n* enables common access to properties of the whole\n!!Principles of information\n* value is enhanced by intelligent organization\n* flow is enhanced by intelligent networks\n* management is enhanced by intelligent protocols\n* understanding is enhanced by intelligent practice \nFrom the perspective of economics, the virtually zero marginal cost of information has profound significance, and, in conjunction with the progressive evolution of information and communications technology has given rise to the accelerating development and adoption of open source software, the emergence of a rapidly-growing information commons in the broader context of a cascading global transition to a knowledge-based universe. \n\nThis transition represents no less than an inexorable and progressive transition to a profound new, stable ''Nash equilibrium'' for economic behaviour in which the intelligent adoption of information systems and strategies is the critical factor, accompanied by the emergence of a radically new form of ''free market economics'' for information in which the free exchange of information is free of monetary constraints.\n\nThe concept of "information ecology" has been gaining increasing recognition and usage - e.g. see <<wikipedia "Information ecology">> in Wikipedia. The framework for information ecology that underlies TiddlyWikiPerfect has been progressively developed by [[Information Habitat: Where Information Lives]], an Non-Governmental Organization in Special Consultative Status with the UN Economic and Social Council, in the course of Information Habitat's support and promotion of broad-based participation and access to and exchnage of information in the series of UN global conferences beginning with preparations for the 1992 Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. through the 1996 Habitat II conference in Istanbul and in the follow-up to these and related conferences.

> From [[Towards Earth Summit II: Recommendations for Actions and Commitments at Earth Summit II|http://habitat.igc.org/csdngo/1997/es2ngo1.html]], June 1997\n!!!Information Ecology\n''We call for'': A major commitment to analyze and explore the opportunities and implications of the rapidly evolving "information and communication ecosystem" and to identify critical information ecology issues relating to sustainability. We call for the design and establishment of, and support for participatory enabling environments - from community and interlocal networks to national and global frameworks - within which information and communications technologies, systems and processes - including traditional and non-electronic forms - can facilitate a transition to more open, equitable and sustainable communities and society.\n\n''Implementation'': The Commission on Sustainable Development - CSD - should convene an Ad Hoc, Open-Ended Working Group on Information Ecology - with participation of non-governmental organizations as well as of member states and from within United Nations agencies, programmes and centres. The mandate of the Working Group should include the following:\n* to conduct a systematic review of the opportunities and implications for sustainability and equity of an ecologically sound approach to information flow;\n* to identify and address critical sustainability issues from a whole systems, full life-cycle costs, perspective regarding the transition from a predominantly material to an increasingly digital economy - including resource and capital cost implications.\n* to examine the development of effective mechanisms to support access to and transfer of ecologically and socially sound technologies;\n* to identify and address actual and prospective, direct and indirect economic, cultural, social and environmental impacts of the introduction of information technology;\n* to consider how information and communication technology can be used to strengthen effective community-based, participatory planning, decision-making and implementation processes relating to sustainability and equitable development, focussing on the use of information exchange mechanisms that are accessible at a grassroots level;\n* to examine the destabilizing potentials of modern information, communication and automation technologies, and to develop provisions to prevent the undermining of traditional and sustainable cultures and practices, or the jeopardizing of human, economic, social cultural and political rights;\n* to undertake an examination of the evolving information ecosystem in terms of equitable access to information in the North and the South, addressing intellectual property rights, trends towards concentration of ownership and control in information and communication technology and electronic media, access to information and communication infrastructure, and democratic, participatory processes, rights and freedoms;\n* to review, in the light of the rapidly increasing proportion of capital formation that is in the realm of intellectual property, and the need for development strategies that enable access to information and communication infrastructure as a critical means of enabling access to resources;\n* to set in process the design of a comprehensive sustainability information and communication environment. This should be designed to facilitate partnership-based integrative coordination of monitoring and implementation of the agreements of the "Rio cluster" series of global conferences;\n''Rationale'': The evolution of information and communication technology - the progressive emergence of an "information age" - has been dramatic in the five years since the first Earth Summit. The integrative power of information technology is increasingly clear, as is its progressively growing capacity to model and map the properties of whole systems, however, the pursuit of a specific trend in technology can become unsustainable. Meanwhile, the increasing scale and role of information and communication technology in the global economy and the increasing impact of automation, the rapid growth in both access and inequities in access confirm that the implications of information technology extend far beyond the role envisioned in [[Chapter 40 of Agenda 21 |http://www.un-documents.net/a21-40.htm]] as a support system for decision-makers and require comprehensive re-assessment by the CSD.

''Information Habitat: Where Information Lives'' - an ''NGO in Consultative Status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council'' - was founded in May 1990 in the context of preparations for the 1992 [[Earth Summit]], held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Information Habitat has focused on the transformative opportunities of information and communications technology (ICT) in support of broad-based participation of ~NGOs in the work of the United Nations, and the critical role of ICT in offering a path towards sustainable development.\n\nFor more information on Information Habitat, visit http://www.information-habitat.net

The principal focus of the ''Information and Communications ~Sub-Committee'' of the [[NGO Committee on Education]] has been the development and implementation of a [[Creative Commons]], [[Free and Open Source]] collaborative learning framework designed to mobilize the powers and freedoms of an evolving knowledge-based universe\n!! Membership\n''Chair''\n* [[Robert Pollard]], [[Information Habitat: Where Information Lives]]\n''Members''\n* [[Daphne Cohen]], [[International Humanist and Ethical Union]]\n* [[Joe Friendly]], [[Truth for a Change]]\n* [[Avy Gonzales]], [[Tutor.com]]\n* [[Judith Lantigua]], [[Information Habitat: Where Information Lives]]\n* [[Kathleen Quain]], [[Foundation for Health and the Environment]]\n* [[Charles Vasquez]], [[Pace University]]\n''Ex-officio Members''\n* [[Faye Feller|Faye C. Feller]], [[National Association of Women for the Arts]]\n* [[Diane Paravazian]], [[World Association of Girl Guides & Girl Scouts]]\n''Strategic Partners''\n* [[Dolly Nielsen]], [[Metro City Media ]]\n* [[Marc Wishengrad]], [[Healing World Foundation]]\n''Senior Advisors''\n* [[Barbara Ann O'Leary]], [[Authenticity]]\n* [[Anthony Judge]], [[Union of International Associations]] (retired)\n!! Web sites\n* [[NGO Committee on Education]] - [[www.ngo-education.net/|http://www.ngo-education.net/]]\n** [[Education, Youth & Technology for Sustainable Development]] - [[www.ngo-education.net/workshop/|http://www.ngo-education.net/workshop/]]\n* [[UN Documents Cooperation Circles: Gathering a Body of Global Agreements]] - [[www.un-documents.net/|http://www.un-documents.net/]]\n** [[Our Common Future]] - [[www.un-documents.net/wced-ocf.htm|http://www.un-documents.net/wced-ocf.htm]]\n* [[Climate Change 2.0]] - [[www.climate-change-two.net/|http://www.climate-change-two.net/]]\n** [[The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom]] - [[www.climate-change-two.net/wealth-of-networks/|http://www.climate-change-two.net/wealth-of-networks/]]\n** [[Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review]] - [[www.climate-change-two.net/stern-review/|http://www.climate-changetwo.net/stern-review/]]\n** [[Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble: Plan B 2.1 (beta)]] - [[www.climate-change-two.net/plan-b/|http://www.climate-change-two.net/plan-b/]]\n** [[Climate Change Summer]] - [[www.climate-change-summer.net/|http://www.climate-change-summer.net/]]\n** [[Peace Caucus: The Wild Cards in Climate Change]] - [[www.peacecaucus.net/|http://www.peacecaucus.net/]]\n* [[TiddlyWikiPerfect: An emerging hybrid information species]] - [[www.tiddlywikiperfect.net/|http://www.tiddlywikiperfect.net/]]\n* [[Gandhi-King Season for Nonviolence]] - [[www.gandhi-king-season.net/|http://www.gandhi-king-season.net/]]\n* [[Seasons of Peace Cooperation Circles]] - [[www.seasons-of-peace.net/|http://www.seasons-of-peace.net/]]\n* [[Twin Light & Colour Cubes]] - [[www.peace-cubes.net/|http://www.peace-cubes.net/]]\n!! ''E-mail lists''\n** [[ngo-education@googlegroups.com]]\n** [[climate-chsnge-two@googlegroups.com]]\n** [[ngo-networking@googlegroups.com]]\n** [[information-ecology@yahoogroups.com]]

A central concept in [[Climate Change 2.0]] is a focus on climate change //information ecosystems// - a focus that has grown out of the evolving holistic discipline of [[information ecology|Information ecology]] as developed and practiced by [[Information Habitat: Where Information Lives]] in the course of participation of [[NGOs|Non-governmental organizations]] in the work of the United Nations, beginning with the early stages of preparation for the 1992 Earth Summit and based on an appreciation of the.\n\nInformation ecology has been conceived as a holistic, ecological life science based on observation of the nature and properties of an information- and knowledge-based universe that is perceived and understood as a multi-level "nested" and networked ecosystem.\n\nIn the science of ecology, the key components of ecosystems are specimens, species and habitats, within which food and food chain, territory, behaviour, intelligence, adaptability, evolution, and relationships are key elements and processes. In an information ecosystem, the corresponding components are [[information specimens|Information specimens]], [[information species|Information species]] and [[information habitats|Information habitats]]; information - specimens, species and habitats - forms the basis of food and food chains and the same key elements and processes in ecology are also relevant.\n\nA vital distinction between information ecosystems and "real world" ecosystems derives from key "zero-based' properties of information. Specifically:\n* Information has zero mass;\n* Information has zero physical size.\nHistorically the behaviour of information specimens had been constrained by the material properties of information habitats - e.g. libraries, books, etc. - however, through progressive advances in information and communications technology,\n* Information can travel in virtually zero time.\nBy virtue of its zero mass and zero physical size, and the unfolding powers of information technology. the behaviour of information is essentially free from the constraints of the laws of conservation of mass and energy, and the marginal cost of reproducing information is virtually zero. The economic implications of the //zero marginal cost// of information are profound.\n\nAny entity, process, structure or phenomenon that exists can be represented as an information specimen and a member of one or more information species. A preliminary framework is under development of a [[taxonomy of information species]], in a framework modeled on the Linnaean taxonomy.\n\nIn an information ecosystem:\n* An information specimen is also an information habitat\n** As an information habitat, it contains one or information specimens - including the specimen's relationships with other information specimens and information habitats. //Examples// +++\n* ''Business card'': Your business cards - and those you collect from colleagues, associates, clients, etc. - are information specimens, each of which serves as a habitat for a set of information specimens such as: name, role, affiliation, a logo, address, phone & fax numbers, email address and URL. The business card as a habitat also contains a relationship with memories of the "human information specimen" - person who is rep[resented by the business card.\n* ''Climate Change 2007: Fourth Assessment Report'': This example of a far more complex nested information specimen - the consideration, analysis, treatment and morphology of which play a key role in [[Climate Change 2.0]] - contains the reports of each of the three IPCC Working Groups and a Synthesis Report, with each Report contains a cover page. authors, editors, bibliographic information, "front matter", chapters, annexes, etc; each chapter in turn contains multiple sections, that in turn contain paragraphs, sentences, figures - photos, charts, maps, etc - tables, boxes, footnotes, references, each of which in turn contains information specimens - consider, for example the authors, maps, charts or references - and on and on. The relationships of the Fourth Assessment Report include an extensive set of prior relationships with the previous three assessment reports from the IPCC, that in turn embody relationships with a myriad of observations and measurements of geophysical, biological, economic and social phenomena observations and measurements of climate change, observations and measurements that in turn See [[Anatomy of Climate Change 2007]] for more details.\n* ''A smile'': An easier example?\n===\n\n* Each information specimen "lives" within one or more [[information habitats]]\n* The smallest information specimen is the empty, or null specimen - that can also be described as the ''singular information specimen''.

/***\n|Name|InlineJavascriptPlugin|\n|Source|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#InlineJavascriptPlugin|\n|Version|1.6.0|\n|Author|Eric Shulman - ELS Design Studios|\n|License|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#LegalStatements <<br>>and [[Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 License|http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/]]|\n|~CoreVersion|2.1|\n|Type|plugin|\n|Requires||\n|Overrides||\n|Description|Insert Javascript executable code directly into your tiddler content.|\n\n''Call directly into TW core utility routines, define new functions, calculate values, add dynamically-generated TiddlyWiki-formatted output'' into tiddler content, or perform any other programmatic actions each time the tiddler is rendered.\n!!!!!Usage\n<<<\nWhen installed, this plugin adds new wiki syntax for surrounding tiddler content with {{{<script>}}} and {{{</script>}}} markers, so that it can be treated as embedded javascript and executed each time the tiddler is rendered.\n\n''Deferred execution from an 'onClick' link''\nBy including a {{{label="..."}}} parameter in the initial {{{<script>}}} marker, the plugin will create a link to an 'onclick' script that will only be executed when that specific link is clicked, rather than running the script each time the tiddler is rendered. You may also include a {{{title="..."}}} parameter to specify the 'tooltip' text that will appear whenever the mouse is moved over the onClick link text\n\n''External script source files:''\nYou can also load javascript from an external source URL, by including a src="..." parameter in the initial {{{<script>}}} marker (e.g., {{{<script src="demo.js"></script>}}}). This is particularly useful when incorporating third-party javascript libraries for use in custom extensions and plugins. The 'foreign' javascript code remains isolated in a separate file that can be easily replaced whenever an updated library file becomes available.\n\n''Display script source in tiddler output''\nBy including the keyword parameter "show", in the initial {{{<script>}}} marker, the plugin will include the script source code in the output that it displays in the tiddler.\n\n''Defining javascript functions and libraries:''\nAlthough the external javascript file is loaded while the tiddler content is being rendered, any functions it defines will not be available for use until //after// the rendering has been completed. Thus, you cannot load a library and //immediately// use it's functions within the same tiddler. However, once that tiddler has been loaded, the library functions can be freely used in any tiddler (even the one in which it was initially loaded).\n\nTo ensure that your javascript functions are always available when needed, you should load the libraries from a tiddler that will be rendered as soon as your TiddlyWiki document is opened. For example, you could put your {{{<script src="..."></script>}}} syntax into a tiddler called LoadScripts, and then add {{{<<tiddler LoadScripts>>}}} in your MainMenu tiddler.\n\nSince the MainMenu is always rendered immediately upon opening your document, the library will always be loaded before any other tiddlers that rely upon the functions it defines. Loading an external javascript library does not produce any direct output in the tiddler, so these definitions should have no impact on the appearance of your MainMenu.\n\n''Creating dynamic tiddler content''\nAn important difference between this implementation of embedded scripting and conventional embedded javascript techniques for web pages is the method used to produce output that is dynamically inserted into the document:\n* In a typical web document, you use the document.write() function to output text sequences (often containing HTML tags) that are then rendered when the entire document is first loaded into the browser window.\n* However, in a ~TiddlyWiki document, tiddlers (and other DOM elements) are created, deleted, and rendered "on-the-fly", so writing directly to the global 'document' object does not produce the results you want (i.e., replacing the embedded script within the tiddler content), and completely replaces the entire ~TiddlyWiki document in your browser window.\n* To allow these scripts to work unmodified, the plugin automatically converts all occurences of document.write() so that the output is inserted into the tiddler content instead of replacing the entire ~TiddlyWiki document.\n\nIf your script does not use document.write() to create dynamically embedded content within a tiddler, your javascript can, as an alternative, explicitly return a text value that the plugin can then pass through the wikify() rendering engine to insert into the tiddler display. For example, using {{{return "thistext"}}} will produce the same output as {{{document.write("thistext")}}}.\n\n//Note: your script code is automatically 'wrapped' inside a function, {{{_out()}}}, so that any return value you provide can be correctly handled by the plugin and inserted into the tiddler. To avoid unpredictable results (and possibly fatal execution errors), this function should never be redefined or called from ''within'' your script code.//\n\n''Accessing the ~TiddlyWiki DOM''\nThe plugin provides one pre-defined variable, 'place', that is passed in to your javascript code so that it can have direct access to the containing DOM element into which the tiddler output is currently being rendered.\n\nAccess to this DOM element allows you to create scripts that can:\n* vary their actions based upon the specific location in which they are embedded\n* access 'tiddler-relative' information (use findContainingTiddler(place))\n* perform direct DOM manipulations (when returning wikified text is not enough)\n<<<\n!!!!!Examples\n<<<\nan "alert" message box:\n><script show>\n alert('InlineJavascriptPlugin: this is a demonstration message');\n</script>\ndynamic output:\n><script show>\n return (new Date()).toString();\n</script>\nwikified dynamic output:\n><script show>\n return "link to current user: [["+config.options.txtUserName+"]]";\n</script>\ndynamic output using 'place' to get size information for current tiddler:\n><script show>\n if (!window.story) window.story=window;\n var title=story.findContainingTiddler(place).id.substr(7);\n return title+" is using "+store.getTiddlerText(title).length+" bytes";\n</script>\ncreating an 'onclick' button/link that runs a script:\n><script label="click here" title="clicking this link will show an 'alert' box" show>\n if (!window.story) window.story=window;\n alert("Hello World!\snlinktext='"+place.firstChild.data+"'\sntiddler='"+story.findContainingTiddler(place).id.substr(7)+"'");\n</script>\nloading a script from a source url:\n>http://www.TiddlyTools.com/demo.js contains:\n>>{{{function demo() { alert('this output is from demo(), defined in demo.js') } }}}\n>>{{{alert('InlineJavascriptPlugin: demo.js has been loaded'); }}}\n><script src="demo.js" show>\n return "loading demo.js..."\n</script>\n><script label="click to execute demo() function" show>\n demo()\n</script>\n<<<\n!!!!!Installation\n<<<\nimport (or copy/paste) the following tiddlers into your document:\n''InlineJavascriptPlugin'' (tagged with <<tag systemConfig>>)\n<<<\n!!!!!Revision History\n<<<\n''2007.02.19 [1.6.0]'' added support for title="..." to specify mouseover tooltip when using an onclick (label="...") script\n''2006.10.16 [1.5.2]'' add newline before closing '}' in 'function out_' wrapper. Fixes error caused when last line of script is a comment.\n''2006.06.01 [1.5.1]'' when calling wikify() on script return value, pass hightlightRegExp and tiddler params so macros that rely on these values can render properly\n''2006.04.19 [1.5.0]'' added 'show' parameter to force display of javascript source code in tiddler output\n''2006.01.05 [1.4.0]'' added support 'onclick' scripts. When label="..." param is present, a button/link is created using the indicated label text, and the script is only executed when the button/link is clicked. 'place' value is set to match the clicked button/link element.\n''2005.12.13 [1.3.1]'' when catching eval error in IE, e.description contains the error text, instead of e.toString(). Fixed error reporting so IE shows the correct response text. Based on a suggestion by UdoBorkowski\n''2005.11.09 [1.3.0]'' for 'inline' scripts (i.e., not scripts loaded with src="..."), automatically replace calls to 'document.write()' with 'place.innerHTML+=' so script output is directed into tiddler content. Based on a suggestion by BradleyMeck\n''2005.11.08 [1.2.0]'' handle loading of javascript from an external URL via src="..." syntax\n''2005.11.08 [1.1.0]'' pass 'place' param into scripts to provide direct DOM access \n''2005.11.08 [1.0.0]'' initial release\n<<<\n!!!!!Credits\n<<<\nThis feature was developed by EricShulman from [[ELS Design Studios|http:/www.elsdesign.com]]\n<<<\n!!!!!Code\n***/\n//{{{\nversion.extensions.inlineJavascript= {major: 1, minor: 6, revision: 0, date: new Date(2007,2,19)};\n\nconfig.formatters.push( {\n name: "inlineJavascript",\n match: "\s\s<script",\n lookahead: "\s\s<script(?: src=\s\s\s"((?:.|\s\sn)*?)\s\s\s")?(?: label=\s\s\s"((?:.|\s\sn)*?)\s\s\s")?(?: title=\s\s\s"((?:.|\s\sn)*?)\s\s\s")?( show)?\s\s>((?:.|\s\sn)*?)\s\s</script\s\s>",\n\n handler: function(w) {\n var lookaheadRegExp = new RegExp(this.lookahead,"mg");\n lookaheadRegExp.lastIndex = w.matchStart;\n var lookaheadMatch = lookaheadRegExp.exec(w.source)\n if(lookaheadMatch && lookaheadMatch.index == w.matchStart) {\n if (lookaheadMatch[1]) { // load a script library\n // make script tag, set src, add to body to execute, then remove for cleanup\n var script = document.createElement("script"); script.src = lookaheadMatch[1];\n document.body.appendChild(script); document.body.removeChild(script);\n }\n if (lookaheadMatch[5]) { // there is script code\n if (lookaheadMatch[4]) // show inline script code in tiddler output\n wikify("{{{\sn"+lookaheadMatch[0]+"\sn}}}\sn",w.output);\n if (lookaheadMatch[2]) { // create a link to an 'onclick' script\n // add a link, define click handler, save code in link (pass 'place'), set link attributes\n var link=createTiddlyElement(w.output,"a",null,"tiddlyLinkExisting",lookaheadMatch[2]);\n link.onclick=function(){try{return(eval(this.code))}catch(e){alert(e.description?e.description:e.toString())}}\n link.code="function _out(place){"+lookaheadMatch[5]+"\sn};_out(this);"\n link.setAttribute("title",lookaheadMatch[3]?lookaheadMatch[3]:"");\n link.setAttribute("href","javascript:;");\n link.style.cursor="pointer";\n }\n else { // run inline script code\n var code="function _out(place){"+lookaheadMatch[5]+"\sn};_out(w.output);"\n code=code.replace(/document.write\s(/gi,'place.innerHTML+=(');\n try { var out = eval(code); } catch(e) { out = e.description?e.description:e.toString(); }\n if (out && out.length) wikify(out,w.output,w.highlightRegExp,w.tiddler);\n }\n }\n w.nextMatch = lookaheadMatch.index + lookaheadMatch[0].length;\n }\n }\n} )\n//}}}

//{{{\nconfig.formatters.unshift( {\n name: "inlinesliders",\n match: "\s\s+\s\s+\s\s+\s\s+|\s\s<slider",\n lookaheadRegExp: /(?:\s+\s+\s+\s+|<slider) (\sw*)(?:>?)\sn((?:.|\sn)*?)\sn(?:====|<\s/slider>)/mg,\n handler: function(w)\n {\n this.lookaheadRegExp.lastIndex = w.matchStart;\n var lookaheadMatch = this.lookaheadRegExp.exec(w.source)\n if(lookaheadMatch && lookaheadMatch.index == w.matchStart )\n {\n var btn = createTiddlyButton(w.output,lookaheadMatch[1] + " "+"\su00BB",lookaheadMatch[1],this.onClickSlider,"button sliderButton");\n var panel = createTiddlyElement(w.output,"div",null,"sliderPanel");\n panel.style.display = "none";\n wikify(lookaheadMatch[2],panel);\n w.nextMatch = lookaheadMatch.index + lookaheadMatch[0].length;\n }\n },\n onClickSlider : function(e)\n {\n if(!e) var e = window.event;\n var n = this.nextSibling;\n n.style.display = (n.style.display=="none") ? "block" : "none";\n return false;\n }\n})\n//}}}

> From [[Towards Earth Summit II: Recommendations for Actions and Commitments at Earth Summit II|http://habitat.igc.org/csdngo/1997/es2ngo1.html]], June 1997\n!!!Integrated Monitoring Frameworks\n''We call for'': The establishment through DPCSD (now the Department of Economic and Social Affairs) of an integrated comprehensive framework - making effective use of modern information and communications technology - for systematic monitoring of the implementation of all the Rio agreements as well as the agreements of the other recent global conferences.\n* Information that the UN has available at web-sites and other new information technologies should be made accessible to the public on a no-cost basis\n* The development of indicators and criteria shall in no way undermine obligations incurred under treaties, covenants conventions or commitments made in conference action plans.\n''Implementation'':\n* Develop a comprehensive framework - to be accessible online - to enable the systematic monitoring and implementation of the agreements of the "Rio cluster" of United Nations conferences and proceedings;\n* develop an integrated, fully searchable database that incorporates the text of all these agreements, that documents initiatives - including best practices - taken by intergovernmental agencies, governments and major groups, and that incorporates data and indicators that can help show current status and trends towards sustainability;\n* the use of geographic information systems as a tool to assist in organizing and integrating information on measures; and\n* measures to support capacity-building in the use of information and communications technology - including the strengthening of information and communications infrastructure in developing countries\n''Rationale'': There is currently no systematic framework in place by which it is possible to assess and monitor the extent and specifics of implementation of the Rio agreements. Modern information and communications technology offers a range of powerful tools to organize and integrate a broad base of diverse information, and to make it widely accessible. There are many areas of overlap between the Rio agreements and the other "Rio cluster" agreements - all of which, in one way or another relate to the attainment of a sustainable common future - so there is a need for an integrated process of monitoring implementation of the whole set of agreements.

/***\n|//Name://|~IntelliTaggerPlugin|\n|//Version://|1.0.0 |\n|//Date:// |26 April 2006 - 2006-04-26|\n|//Tags://|tagging intellitagger plugin 'abego software' intelligence 'key words'|\n|//Type://|plugin|\n|//Source://|http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de/#IntelliTaggerPlugin|\n|//Author://|Udo Borkowski (ub [at] abego-software [dot] de)|\n|//Documentation://|[[IntelliTaggerPlugin Documentation|http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de/doc/IntelliTagger.pdf]] (pdf)|\n|//Source Code://|[[IntelliTaggerPlugin SourceCode|[http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de/#IntelliTaggerPlugin SourceCode]]|\n|//Licence://|[[BSD open source license (abego Software)|http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de/#BSD open source license (abego Software)]]|\n|//~TiddlyWiki://|Version 2.0.8 or better|\n|//Browser://|Firefox 1.5.0.2 or better|\n***/\n// /%\nif(!version.extensions.IntelliTaggerPlugin){if(!window.abego){window.abego={};}if(!abego.internal){abego.internal={};}abego.alertAndThrow=function(s){alert(s);throw 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{left:findScrollX(),top:findScrollY(),height:findWindowHeight(),width:findWindowWidth()};};abego.moveElement=function(_5,_6,_7){_5.style.left=_6+"px";_5.style.top=_7+"px";};abego.centerOnWindow=function(_8){if(_8.style.position!="absolute"){throw "abego.centerOnWindow: element must have absolute position";}var _9=abego.getWindowRect();abego.moveElement(_8,_9.left+(_9.width-_8.offsetWidth)/2,_9.top+(_9.height-_8.offsetHeight)/2);};abego.isDescendantOrSelf=function(_a,e){while(e){if(_a==e){return true;}e=e.parentNode;}return false;};abego.toSet=function(_c){var _d={};for(var i=0;i<_c.length;i++){_d[_c[i]]=true;}return _d;};abego.filterStrings=function(_f,_10,_11){var _12=[];for(var i=0;i<_f.length&&(_11===undefined||_12.length<_11);i++){var s=_f[i];if(s.match(_10)){_12.push(s);}}return _12;};abego.arraysAreEqual=function(a,b){var n=a.length;if(n!=b.length){return false;}for(var i=0;i<n;i++){if(a[i]!=b[i]){return false;}}return true;};abego.moveBelowAndClip=function(_19,_1a){if(!_1a){return;}var _1b=findPosX(_1a);var _1c=findPosY(_1a);var _1d=_1a.offsetHeight;var _1e=_1b;var _1f=_1c+_1d;var _20=findWindowWidth();if(_20<_19.offsetWidth){_19.style.width=(_20-100)+"px";}var _21=_19.offsetWidth;if(_1e+_21>_20){_1e=_20-_21-30;}if(_1e<0){_1e=0;}_19.style.left=_1e+"px";_19.style.top=_1f+"px";_19.style.display="block";};abego.compareStrings=function(a,b){return (a==b)?0:(a<b)?-1:1;};abego.sortIgnoreCase=function(arr){var _25=[];var n=arr.length;for(var i=0;i<n;i++){var s=arr[i];_25.push([s.toString().toLowerCase(),s]);}_25.sort(function(a,b){return (a[0]==b[0])?0:(a[0]<b[0])?-1:1;});for(i=0;i<n;i++){arr[i]=_25[i][1];}};abego.getTiddlerField=function(_2b,_2c,_2d){var _2e=document.getElementById(_2b.idPrefix+_2c);var e=null;if(_2e!=null){var _30=_2e.getElementsByTagName("*");for(var t=0;t<_30.length;t++){var c=_30[t];if(c.tagName.toLowerCase()=="input"||c.tagName.toLowerCase()=="textarea"){if(!e){e=c;}if(c.getAttribute("edit")==_2d){e=c;}}}}return e;};abego.setRange=function(_33,_34,end){if(_33.setSelectionRange){_33.setSelectionRange(_34,end);var max=0+_33.scrollHeight;var len=_33.textLength;var top=max*_34/len,bot=max*end/len;_33.scrollTop=Math.min(top,(bot+top-_33.clientHeight)/2);}else{if(_33.createTextRange!=undefined){var _39=_33.createTextRange();_39.collapse();_39.moveEnd("character",end);_39.moveStart("character",_34);_39.select();}else{_33.select();}}};abego.internal.TagManager=function(){var _3a=null;var _3b=function(){if(_3a){return;}_3a={};store.forEachTiddler(function(_3c,_3d){for(var i=0;i<_3d.tags.length;i++){var tag=_3d.tags[i];var _40=_3a[tag];if(!_40){_40=_3a[tag]={count:0,tiddlers:{}};}_40.tiddlers[_3d.title]=true;_40.count+=1;}});};var _41=TiddlyWiki.prototype.saveTiddler;TiddlyWiki.prototype.saveTiddler=function(_42,_43,_44,_45,_46,_47){var _48=this.fetchTiddler(_42);var _49=_48?_48.tags:[];var _4a=(typeof _47=="string")?_47.readBracketedList():_47;_41.apply(this,arguments);if(!abego.arraysAreEqual(_49,_4a)){abego.internal.getTagManager().reset();}};var _4b=TiddlyWiki.prototype.removeTiddler;TiddlyWiki.prototype.removeTiddler=function(_4c){var _4d=this.fetchTiddler(_4c);var _4e=_4d&&_4d.tags.length>0;_4b.apply(this,arguments);if(_4e){abego.internal.getTagManager().reset();}};this.reset=function(){_3a=null;};this.getTiddlersWithTag=function(tag){_3b();var _50=_3a[tag];return _50?_50.tiddlers:null;};this.getAllTags=function(_51){_3b();var _52=[];for(var i in _3a){_52.push(i);}for(i=0;_51&&i<_51.length;i++){_52.pushUnique(_51[i],true);}abego.sortIgnoreCase(_52);return _52;};this.getTagInfos=function(){_3b();var _54=[];for(var _55 in _3a){_54.push([_55,_3a[_55]]);}return _54;};var _56=function(a,b){var a1=a[1];var b1=b[1];var d=b[1].count-a[1].count;return d!=0?d:abego.compareStrings(a[0].toLowerCase(),b[0].toLowerCase());};this.getSortedTagInfos=function(){_3b();var _5c=this.getTagInfos();_5c.sort(_56);return _5c;};this.getPartnerRankedTags=function(_5d){var _5e={};for(var i=0;i<_5d.length;i++){var _60=this.getTiddlersWithTag(_5d[i]);for(var _61 in _60){var _62=store.getTiddler(_61);if(!(_62 instanceof Tiddler)){continue;}for(var j=0;j<_62.tags.length;j++){var tag=_62.tags[j];var c=_5e[tag];_5e[tag]=c?c+1:1;}}}var _66=abego.toSet(_5d);var _67=[];for(var n in _5e){if(!_66[n]){_67.push(n);}}_67.sort(function(a,b){var d=_5e[b]-_5e[a];return d!=0?d:abego.compareStrings(a.toLowerCase(),b.toLowerCase());});return _67;};};abego.internal.getTagManager=function(){if(!abego.internal.gTagManager){abego.internal.gTagManager=new abego.internal.TagManager();}return abego.internal.gTagManager;};(function(){var _6c=2;var _6d=1;var _6e=30;var _6f;var _70;var _71;var _72;var _73;var _74;if(!abego.IntelliTagger){abego.IntelliTagger={};}var _75=function(){return _70;};var _76=function(tag){return _73[tag];};var _78=function(s){var i=s.lastIndexOf(" ");return (i>=0)?s.substr(0,i):"";};var _7b=function(_7c){var s=_7c.value;var len=s.length;return (len>0&&s[len-1]!=" ");};var _7f=function(_80){var s=_80.value;var len=s.length;if(len>0&&s[len-1]!=" "){_80.value+=" ";}};var _83=function(tag,_85,_86){if(_7b(_85)){_85.value=_78(_85.value);}story.setTiddlerTag(_86.title,tag,0);_7f(_85);abego.IntelliTagger.assistTagging(_85,_86);};var _87=function(n){if(_74){if(_74.length>n){return _74[n];}n-=_74.length;}return (_72&&_72.length>n)?_72[n]:null;};var _89=function(n,_8b,_8c){var _8d=_87(n);if(_8d){_83(_8d,_8b,_8c);}};var _8e=function(_8f){var pos=_8f.value.lastIndexOf(" ");var _91=(pos>=0)?_8f.value.substr(++pos,_8f.value.length):_8f.value;return new RegExp(_91.escapeRegExp(),"i");};var _92=function(_93,_94){var _95=0;for(var i=0;i<_93.length;i++){if(_94[_93[i]]){_95++;}}return _95;};var _97=function(_98,_99,_9a){var _9b=1;var c=_98[_99];for(var i=_99+1;i<_98.length;i++){if(_98[i][1].count==c){if(_98[i][0].match(_9a)){_9b++;}}else{break;}}return _9b;};var _9e=function(_9f,_a0){var _a1=abego.internal.getTagManager().getSortedTagInfos();var _a2=[];var _a3=0;for(var i=0;i<_a1.length;i++){var c=_a1[i][1].count;if(c!=_a3){if(_a0&&(_a2.length+_97(_a1,i,_9f)>_a0)){break;}_a3=c;}if(c==1){break;}var s=_a1[i][0];if(s.match(_9f)){_a2.push(s);}}return _a2;};var _a7=function(_a8,_a9){return abego.filterStrings(abego.internal.getTagManager().getAllTags(_a9),_a8);};var _aa=function(){if(!_6f){return;}var _ab=store.getTiddlerText("IntelliTaggerMainTemplate");if(!_ab){_ab="<b>Tiddler IntelliTaggerMainTemplate not found</b>";}_6f.innerHTML=_ab;applyHtmlMacros(_6f,null);refreshElements(_6f,null);};var _ac=function(e){if(!e){var e=window.event;}var tag=this.getAttribute("tag");if(_71){_71.call(this,tag,e);}return false;};var _af=function(_b0,_b1,_b2,_b3){if(!_b1){return;}var _b4=_b3?abego.toSet(_b3):{};var n=_b1.length;for(var i=0;i<n;i++){var tag=_b1[i];if(_b4[tag]){continue;}if(i>0){createTiddlyElement(_b0,"span",null,"tagSeparator"," | ");}var _b8="";var _b9=_b0;if(_b2<10){_b9=createTiddlyElement(_b0,"span",null,"numberedSuggestion");_b2++;var key=_b2<10?""+(_b2):"0";createTiddlyElement(_b9,"span",null,"suggestionNumber",key+") ");var _bb=_b2==1?"Ctrl-Space or ":"";_b8=" (Shortcut: %1Alt-%0)".format([key,_bb]);}var _bc=config.views.wikified.tag.tooltip.format([tag]);var _bd=(_76(tag)?"Remove tag '%0'%1":"Add tag '%0'%1").format([tag,_b8]);var _be="%0; Shift-Click: %1".format([_bd,_bc]);var btn=createTiddlyButton(_b9,tag,_be,_ac,_76(tag)?"currentTag":null);btn.setAttribute("tag",tag);}};var _c0=function(){if(_6f){window.scrollTo(0,ensureVisible(_6f));}if(_75()){window.scrollTo(0,ensureVisible(_75()));}};var _c1=function(e){if(!e){var e=window.event;}if(!_6f){return;}var _c3=resolveTarget(e);if(_c3==_75()){return;}if(abego.isDescendantOrSelf(_6f,_c3)){return;}abego.IntelliTagger.close();};addEvent(document,"click",_c1);var _c4=Story.prototype.gatherSaveFields;Story.prototype.gatherSaveFields=function(e,_c6){_c4.apply(this,arguments);var _c7=_c6.tags;if(_c7){_c6.tags=_c7.trim();}};var _c8=function(_c9){story.focusTiddler(_c9,"tags");var _ca=abego.getTiddlerField(story,_c9,"tags");if(_ca){var len=_ca.value.length;abego.setRange(_ca,len,len);window.scrollTo(0,ensureVisible(_ca));}};var _cc=config.macros.edit.handler;config.macros.edit.handler=function(_cd,_ce,_cf,_d0,_d1,_d2){_cc.apply(this,arguments);var _d3=_cf[0];if((_d2 instanceof Tiddler)&&_d3=="tags"){var _d4=_cd.lastChild;_d4.onfocus=function(e){abego.IntelliTagger.assistTagging(_d4,_d2);setTimeout(function(){_c8(_d2.title);},100);};_d4.onkeyup=function(e){if(!e){var e=window.event;}if(e.altKey&&!e.ctrlKey&&!e.metaKey&&(e.keyCode>=48&&e.keyCode<=57)){_89(e.keyCode==48?9:e.keyCode-49,_d4,_d2);}else{if(e.ctrlKey&&e.keyCode==32){_89(0,_d4,_d2);}}setTimeout(function(){abego.IntelliTagger.assistTagging(_d4,_d2);},100);return false;};_7f(_d4);}};var _d7=function(e){if(!e){var e=window.event;}var _d9=resolveTarget(e);var _da=_d9.getAttribute("tiddler");if(_da){story.displayTiddler(_d9,_da,"IntelliTaggerEditTagsTemplate",false);_c8(_da);}return false;};var _db=config.macros.tags.handler;config.macros.tags.handler=function(_dc,_dd,_de,_df,_e0,_e1){_db.apply(this,arguments);abego.IntelliTagger.createEditTagsButton(_e1,createTiddlyElement(_dc.lastChild,"li"));};var _e2=function(){if(_6f&&_70&&!abego.isDescendantOrSelf(document,_70)){abego.IntelliTagger.close();}};setInterval(_e2,100);abego.IntelliTagger.displayTagSuggestions=function(_e3,_e4,_e5,_e6,_e7){_72=_e3;_73=abego.toSet(_e4);_74=_e5;_70=_e6;_71=_e7;if(!_6f){_6f=createTiddlyElement(document.body,"div",null,"intelliTaggerSuggestions");_6f.style.position="absolute";}_aa();abego.openAsPopup(_6f);if(_75()){var w=_75().offsetWidth;if(_6f.offsetWidth<w){_6f.style.width=(w-2*(_6c+_6d))+"px";}abego.moveBelowAndClip(_6f,_75());}else{abego.centerOnWindow(_6f);}_c0();};abego.IntelliTagger.assistTagging=function(_e9,_ea){var _eb=_8e(_e9);var s=_e9.value;if(_7b(_e9)){s=_78(s);}var _ed=s.readBracketedList();var _ee=_ed.length>0?abego.filterStrings(abego.internal.getTagManager().getPartnerRankedTags(_ed),_eb,_6e):_9e(_eb,_6e);abego.IntelliTagger.displayTagSuggestions(_a7(_eb,_ed),_ed,_ee,_e9,function(tag,e){if(e.shiftKey){onClickTag.call(this,e);}else{_83(tag,_e9,_ea);}});};abego.IntelliTagger.close=function(){abego.closePopup(_6f);_6f=null;return false;};abego.IntelliTagger.createEditTagsButton=function(_f1,_f2,_f3,_f4,_f5,id,_f7){if(!_f3){_f3="[edit]";}if(!_f4){_f4="Edit the tags";}if(!_f5){_f5="editTags";}var _f8=createTiddlyButton(_f2,_f3,_f4,_d7,_f5,id,_f7);_f8.setAttribute("tiddler",(_f1 instanceof Tiddler)?_f1.title:String(_f1));return _f8;};config.macros.intelliTagger={label:"intelliTagger",handler:function(_f9,_fa,_fb,_fc,_fd,_fe){var _ff=_fd.parseParams("list",null,true);var _100=_ff[0]["action"];for(var i=0;_100&&i<_100.length;i++){var _102=_100[i];var _103=config.macros.intelliTagger.subhandlers[_102];if(!_103){abego.alertAndThrow("Unsupported action '%0'".format([_102]));}_103(_f9,_fa,_fb,_fc,_fd,_fe);}},subhandlers:{showTags:function(_104,_105,_106,_107,_108,_109){_af(_104,_72,_74?_74.length:0,_74);},showFavorites:function(_10a,_10b,_10c,_10d,_10e,_10f){_af(_10a,_74,0);},closeButton:function(_110,_111,_112,_113,_114,_115){var _116=createTiddlyButton(_110,"close","Close the suggestions",abego.IntelliTagger.close);},version:function(_117){var t="IntelliTagger %0.%1.%2".format([version.extensions.IntelliTaggerPlugin.major,version.extensions.IntelliTaggerPlugin.minor,version.extensions.IntelliTaggerPlugin.revision]);var e=createTiddlyElement(_117,"a");e.setAttribute("href","http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de/#IntelliTaggerPlugin");e.innerHTML="<font color=\s"black\s" face=\s"Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\s">"+t+"<font>";},copyright:function(_11a){var e=createTiddlyElement(_11a,"a");e.setAttribute("href","http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de");e.innerHTML="<font color=\s"black\s" face=\s"Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\s">© 2006 <b><font color=\s"red\s">abego</font></b> Software<font>";}}};})();config.shadowTiddlers["IntelliTaggerStyleSheet"]="/***\sn"+"!~IntelliTagger Stylesheet\sn"+"***/\sn"+"/*{{{*/\sn"+".intelliTaggerSuggestions {\sn"+"\stposition: absolute;\sn"+"\stwidth: 600px;\sn"+"\sn"+"\stpadding: 2px;\sn"+"\stlist-style: none;\sn"+"\stmargin: 0;\sn"+"\sn"+"\stbackground: #eeeeee;\sn"+"\stborder: 1px solid DarkGray;\sn"+"}\sn"+"\sn"+".intelliTaggerSuggestions .currentTag {\sn"+"\stfont-weight: bold;\sn"+"}\sn"+"\sn"+".intelliTaggerSuggestions .suggestionNumber {\sn"+"\stcolor: #808080;\sn"+"}\sn"+"\sn"+".intelliTaggerSuggestions .numberedSuggestion{\sn"+"\stwhite-space: nowrap;\sn"+"}\sn"+"\sn"+".intelliTaggerSuggestions .intelliTaggerFooter {\sn"+"\stmargin-top: 4px;\sn"+"\stborder-top-width: thin;\sn"+"\stborder-top-style: solid;\sn"+"\stborder-top-color: #999999;\sn"+"}\sn"+".intelliTaggerSuggestions .favorites {\sn"+"\stborder-bottom-width: thin;\sn"+"\stborder-bottom-style: solid;\sn"+"\stborder-bottom-color: #999999;\sn"+"\stpadding-bottom: 2px;\sn"+"}\sn"+"\sn"+".intelliTaggerSuggestions .normalTags {\sn"+"\stpadding-top: 2px;\sn"+"}\sn"+"\sn"+".intelliTaggerSuggestions .intelliTaggerFooter .button {\sn"+"\stfont-size: 10px;\sn"+"\sn"+"\stpadding-left: 0.3em;\sn"+"\stpadding-right: 0.3em;\sn"+"}\sn"+"\sn"+"/*}}}*/\sn";config.shadowTiddlers["IntelliTaggerMainTemplate"]="\sn"+"<div class=\s"favorites\s" macro=\s"intelliTagger action: showFavorites\s"></div>\sn"+"<div class=\s"normalTags\s" macro=\s"intelliTagger action: showTags\s"></div>\sn"+"\sn"+"<table class=\s"intelliTaggerFooter\s" border=\s"0\s" width=\s"100%\s" cellspacing=\s"0\s" cellpadding=\s"0\s"><tbody>\sn"+" <tr>\sn"+"\st<td align=\s"left\s">\sn"+"\st\st<span macro=\s"intelliTagger action: closeButton\s"></span>\sn"+"\st</td>\sn"+"\st<td align=\s"right\s">\sn"+"\st\st<span macro=\s"intelliTagger action: version\s"></span>, <span macro=\s"intelliTagger action: copyright \s"></span>\sn"+"\st</td>\sn"+" </tr>\sn"+"</tbody></table>\sn"+"\sn";config.shadowTiddlers["IntelliTaggerEditTagsTemplate"]="\sn"+"<div class='toolbar' macro='toolbar +saveTiddler -cancelTiddler'></div>\sn"+"<div class='title' macro='view title'></div>\sn"+"<div class='tagged' macro='tags'></div>\sn"+"<div class='viewer' macro='view text wikified'></div>\sn"+"<div class='toolbar' macro='toolbar +saveTiddler -cancelTiddler'></div>\sn"+"<div class='editor' macro='edit tags'></div><div class='editorFooter'><span macro='message views.editor.tagPrompt'></span><span macro='tagChooser'></span></div>\sn"+"\sn";config.shadowTiddlers["BSD open source license (abego Software)"]="See [[Licence|http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de/#%5B%5BBSD%20open%20source%20license%5D%5D]].";config.shadowTiddlers["IntelliTaggerPlugin Documentation"]="[[Documentation on abego Software website|http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de/doc/IntelliTagger.pdf]].";config.shadowTiddlers["IntelliTaggerPlugin SourceCode"]="[[Plugin source code on abego Software website|http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de/src/Plugin-IntelliTagger-src.js]]";setStylesheet(store.getTiddlerText("IntelliTaggerStyleSheet"),"intelliTagger");}\n//%/\n

Recognizing the problem of potential global climate change, the [[World Meteorological Organization|http"//www.wmo.org]] (WMO) and the [[United Nations Environment Programme|http://www.unep.org]] (UNEP) established the ''Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'' (IPCC) in 1988. It is open to all members of the UN and WMO.\n\nThe role of the IPCC is to assess on a comprehensive, objective, open and transparent basis the scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of risk of human-induced climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation. The IPCC does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data or other relevant parameters. It bases its assessment mainly on peer reviewed and published scientific/technical literature. Its role, organisation, participation and general procedures are laid down in the "Principles Governing IPCC Work".\n\n''Climate Change 2007'' is the [[Fourth Assessment Report|Climate Change 2007: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report]] published by IPCC, and following the [[Third Assessment Report: Climate Change 2001]] - organized around a set of [[nine policy-relevant questions|AR3-Synthesis: Nine policy-relevant questions]] - and a number of [[IPCC Special Reports]].\n\nRead more about IPCC on the [[IPCC web site|http://www.ipcc.ch/about/about.htm]]

@@font-size:90%;''Note'': This is a "framed" page from the web site of the ''International Coalition to Ban Uranium Weapons''.\nYou can view this page in a separate browser tab or window at http://www.bandepleteduranium.org/@@\n<html><iframe\n title = "International Coalition to Ban Uranium Weapons"\n src = "http://www.bandepleteduranium.org/"\n style="\n background-color:#ffffff; \n border-color:#ffffff;\n border:none;"\n width = "100%"\n height = "1000"\n frameborder = "0"\n scrolling = "yes">\n</iframe></html>

@@font-size:90%;''Note'': This is a "framed" page from the [[UN Documents Cooperation Circles|UN Documents Cooperation Circles: Gathering a Body of Global Agreements]] web site.\nYou can view this page in a separate browser tab or window at http://www.un-documents.net/iccpr.htm@@\n<html><iframe\n title = "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights"\n src = "http://www.un-documents.net/iccpr.htm"\n style="\n background-color:#ffffff; \n border-color:#ffffff;\n border:none;"\n width = "100%"\n height = "1000"\n frameborder = "0"\n scrolling = "yes">\n</iframe></html>

@@font-size:90%;''Note'': This is a "framed" page from the [[UN Documents Cooperation Circles|UN Documents Cooperation Circles: Gathering a Body of Global Agreements]] web site.\nYou can view this page in a separate browser tab or window at http://www.un-documents.net/icescr.htm@@\n<html><iframe\n title = "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights"\n src = "http://www.un-documents.net/icescr.htm"\n style="\n background-color:#ffffff; \n border-color:#ffffff;\n border:none;"\n width = "100%"\n height = "1000"\n frameborder = "0"\n scrolling = "yes">\n</iframe></html>

The ''International Covenants on Human Rights'' were adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 2200 (XXI) of 16 December 1966, and comprise the following:\n* [[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]], \n* [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] and \n* [[Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]]

The ''International Decade for a Culture of Peace and ~Non-Violence for the Children of the World'' was approved by the General Assembly its [[resolution 53/25|53/25. International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World, 2001-2010]] of 10 November 1998.

The ''International Federation of University Women'' (IFUW) is an international, non-profit organization of women graduates working to promote lifelong education, to improve the status of women and girls and to enable women to effect positive change for a peaceful world. IFUW was founded in 1919 after World War I by women graduates who believed in the importance of working together for peace, international understanding and friendship and has 79 national affiliates and has members in more than 120 countries. The International Federation of University Women is an NGO in Special Consultative Status with the Economic and Social Council since 1947.\n\nFor more information, visit http://www.ifuw.org

Founded in Amsterdam in 1952, the ''International Humanist and Ethical Union'' (IHEU) is the sole world umbrella organisation embracing Humanist, atheist, rationalist, secular, skeptic, Ethical Culture, freethought and similar organisations world-wide. The IHEU represents the views of over three million Humanists organized in over 100 national organizations in 40 countries. The International Humanist and Ethical Union is an NGO in Special Consultative Status with the Economic and Social Council.\n\nFor more information, visit http://www.iheu.org

!!International Implementation Scheme (IIS)\nIn December 2002, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) adopted [[resolution 57/254|57/254. United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development]] to put in place a United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD), spanning from 2005 to 2014. UNESCO was requested to lead the Decade and develop a draft International Implementation Scheme (IIS) for the Decade. This document fulfils the request for an IIS and is the result of extensive consultations with United Nations agencies, national governments, civil society organizations and NGOs, experts and specialists.\n\nStarting with an initial consultation with United Nations partners in September 2003, UNESCO shared a framework for the IIS worldwide. More than two thousand contributions were received, many of these representing the consolidation of opinions of hundreds. The draft Scheme was widely circulated and eventually reviewed by leading academics and experts in the field, before it was submitted, in July 2004, to the High-Level Panel on the Decade, which advises the Director-General of UNESCO on this topic. It was presented at the 59th session of the United Nations General Assembly (New York, 18-19 October 2004), and then at the 171st and 172nd sessions of the UNESCO Executive Board (Paris, April and September 2005).\n\nThe IIS sets out a broad framework for all partners to contribute to the Decade. It is a strategic document that focuses primarily on what nations have committed to achieve through the DESD and under UNESCO’s leadership. It summarizes the goals and objectives of the Decade, and its relationship to other key education movements. It emphasizes the importance of partnership in the eventual success of the Decade and outlines how these might contribute at all levels – community, national, regional, and international. It outlines UNESCO’s leadership tasks. The IIS also lists key milestones for the DESD. It then lays out seven strategies for moving forward with ESD and describes how this wide range of partners can develop contributions based on their particular contexts.\n\nThe IIS should foster collective ownership of the DESD. The IIS describes pathways forward in the hope that it will stimulate imagination, creativity, and energy to make the DESD a success. It is envisaged that regions and nations will create plans, strategic approaches, and timetables on the basis of the framework provided by this International Implementation Scheme.\n\nThe concept of sustainable development continues to evolve. In pursuing education for sustainable development, therefore, there must be some clarity in what sustainable development means and what it is aiming at. This plan presents three key areas of sustainable development – society, environment and economy with culture as an underlying dimension.\n* Society: an understanding of social institutions and their role in change and development, as well as the democratic and participatory systems which give opportunity for the expression of opinion, the selection of governments, the forging of consensus and the resolution of differences.\n* Environment: an awareness of the resources and fragility of the physical environment and the affects on it of human activity and decisions, with a commitment to factoring environmental concerns into social and economic policy development.\n* Economy: a sensitivity to the limits and potential of economic growth and their impact on society and on the environment, with a commitment to assess personal and societal levels of consumption out of concern for the environment and for social justice.\nESD is fundamentally about values, with respect at the centre: respect for others, including those of present and future generations, for difference and diversity, for the environment, for the resources of the planet we inhabit. Education enables us to understand ourselves and others and our links with the wider natural and social environment, and this understanding serves as a durable basis for building respect. Along with a sense of justice, responsibility, exploration and dialogue, ESD aims to move us to adopting behaviours and practices which enable all to live a full life without being deprived of basics.\n\nESD mirrors the concern for education of high quality, demonstrating characteristics: such as:\n* Interdisciplinary and holistic: learning for sustainable development embedded in the whole curriculum, not as a separate subject;\n* Values-driven: sharing the values and principles underpinning sustainable development;\n* Critical thinking and problem solving: leading to confidence in addressing the dilemmas and challenges of sustainable development;\n* Multi-method: word, art, drama, debate, experience, … different pedagogies which model the processes;\n* Participatory decision-making: learners participate in decisions on how they are to learn;\n* Locally relevant: addressing local as well as global issues, and using the language(s) which learners most commonly use.\nESD will be shaped by a range of perspectives from all fields of human development and including all the acute challenges, which the world faces. ESD cannot afford to ignore their implications for a more just and more sustainable process of change. The plan notes the important perspectives provided by: human rights, peace and human security, gender equality, cultural diversity and intercultural understanding, health, HIV/AIDS, governance, natural resources, climate change, rural development, sustainable urbanisation, disaster prevention and mitigation, poverty reduction, corporate responsibility and accountability, market economy.\n\nESD is for everyone, at whatever stage of life they find themselves. It takes place therefore within a perspective of lifelong learning, engaging all possible spaces of learning, formal, non-formal and informal, from early childhood to adult life. ESD calls for a re-orientation of educational approaches – curriculum and content, pedagogy and examinations. Spaces for learning include non-formal learning, community-based organisations and local civil society, the workplace, formal education, technical and vocational training, teacher training, higher education educational inspectorates, policy-making bodies, …and beyond.\n\nIt is true to say that everyone is a stakeholder in education for sustainable development. All of us will feel the impact of its relative success or failure, and all of us affect the impact of ESD by our behaviour which may be supportive or undermining. Complementary roles and responsibilities devolve to a number of bodies and groups at different levels: local (sub-national), national, regional and international. At each level, stakeholders may be part of government (or intergovernmental at regional and international levels), civil society and non-governmental organisations, or in the private sector. The media and advertising agencies will support broad public awareness. In addition, indigenous peoples have a particular role, having an intimate knowledge of the sustained use of their environments, and being particularly vulnerable to unsustainable development.\n\nSeven interlinked strategies are proposed for the Decade: advocacy and vision building; consultation and ownership; partnership and networks; capacity building and training; research and innovation; information and communication technologies; monitoring and evaluation. Together they form a coherent approach to the incremental increase over the Decade of the promotion and implementation of ESD. They will ensure that change in public attitudes and educational approaches keep pace with the evolving challenges of sustainable development.\n\nDESD implementation will depend on the strength of stakeholder commitment and cooperation at local (sub-national), national, regional and international levels. Networks and alliances will be the crucial element, forging a common agenda in relevant forums. The outcomes of the DESD will be seen in the lives of thousands of communities and millions of individuals as new attitudes and values inspire decisions and actions making sustainable development a more attainable ideal.\n\nIn assessing the need for resources, full account must be taken of existing programmes and available personnel. The need for additional resources should be driven by the need to facilitate action and interaction around specific ESD challenges and issues.\n\n[[Draft International implementation scheme for the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development|http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001403/140372e.pdf]] (pdf)

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[>img[http://www.environmentalinsights.com/graphics/jfleming_yellow_flower.jpg]]\n~JoAnne ~Fleming-Valin is President of Environmental Insights. She is a public speaker and educator who presents green keynotes, workshops and consultations. \n\nAs an educator, Ms. ~Fleming-Valin taught Pollution Economics to water resource technology students, and environmental horticulture training. She operated her landscape architecture firm designing residential and commercial projects. At the Ontario Forest Research Institute she developed and led public tours to interpret forest research programs.

!!!From our origins to the future\n1. We, the representatives of the peoples of the world, assembled at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, South Africa, from 2 to 4 September 2002, reaffirm our commitment to sustainable development.\n\n2. We commit ourselves to building a humane, equitable and caring global society, cognizant of the need for human dignity for all.\n\n3. At the beginning of this Summit, the children of the world spoke to us in a simple yet clear voice that the future belongs to them, and accordingly challenged all of us to ensure that through our actions they will inherit a world free of the indignity and indecency occasioned by poverty, environmental degradation and patterns of unsustainable development.\n\n4. As part of our response to these children, who represent our collective future, all of us, coming from every corner of the world, informed by different life experiences, are united and moved by a deeply felt sense that we urgently need to create a new and brighter world of hope.\n\n5. Accordingly, we assume a collective responsibility to advance and strengthen the interdependent and mutually reinforcing pillars of sustainable development - economic development, social development and environmental protect

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The Peace Caucus The Wild Cards in Climate Change: Weather Warfare, Geoengineering and ENMOD

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The Peace Caucus

The Wild Cards in Climate Change: Weather Warfare, Geoengineering and ENMOD

60th Annual DPI/NGO Conference
Climate Change: How it impacts us all